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d is an important source of these two compounds which impart the characteristic aroma and taste to smoked foods such as barbecue the main flavor compounds of smoked ham are guaiacol and its 4 5 and 6 methyl derivatives as well as 2 6 dimethylphenol these compounds are produced by thermal breakdown of lignin in the wood used in the smokehouse 41 chemical analysis edit main article lignin characterization the conventional method for lignin quantitation in the pulp industry is the klason lignin and acid soluble lignin test which is standardized procedures the cellulose is digested thermally in the presence of acid the residue is termed klason lignin acid soluble lignin asl is quantified by the intensity of its ultraviolet spectroscopy the carbohydrate composition may be also analyzed from the klason liquors although there may be sugar breakdown products furfural and 5 hydroxymethylfurfural 42 a solution of hydrochloric acid and phloroglucinol is used for the detection of lignin wiesner test a brilliant red color develops owing to the presence of coniferaldehyde groups in the lignin 43 thioglycolysis is an analytical technique for lignin quantitation 44 lignin structure can also be studied by computational simulation 45 thermochemolysis chemical break down of a substance under vacuum and at high temperature with tetramethylammonium hydroxide tmah or cupric oxide 46 has also been used to characterize lignins the ratio of syringyl lignol s to vanillyl lignol v and cinnamyl lignol c to vanillyl lignol v is variable based on plant type and can therefore be used to trace plant sources in aquatic systems woody vs non woody and angiosperm vs gymnosperm 47 ratios of carboxylic acid ad to aldehyde al forms of the lignols ad al reveal diagenetic information with higher ratios indicating a more highly degraded material 30 31 increases in the ad al value indicate an oxidative cleavage reaction has occurred on the alkyl lignin side chain which has been shown to be a step in the decay of wood by many white rot and some soft rot fungi 30 31 48 49 50 lignin and its models have been well examined by 1 h and 13 c nmr spectroscopy owing to the structural complexity of lignins the spectra are poorly resolved and quantitation is challenging 51 see also edit carboniferous period coal formation references edit 1 2 saake bodo lehnen ralph 2007 lignin ullmann s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry weinheim wiley vch doi 10 1002 14356007 a15_305 pub3 isbn 978 3527306732 lebo stuart e jr gargulak jerry d mcnally timothy j 2001 lignin kirk othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology kirk othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology john wiley sons inc doi 10 1002 0471238961 12090714120914 a01 pub2 isbn 978 0 471 23896 6 archived from the original on 2020 04 10 retrieved 2007 10 14 de candolle m a p 1813 theorie elementaire de la botanique ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l art de decrire et d etudier les vegetaux paris deterville see p 417 e sjöström 1993 wood chemistry fundamentals and applications academic press isbn 978 0 12 647480 0 1 2 3 w boerjan j ralph m baucher june 2003 lignin biosynthesis annu rev plant biol 54 1 519 549 doi 10 1146 annurev arplant 54 031902 134938 pmid 14503002 lignin encyclopedia britannica 2023 10 05 retrieved 2023 10 26 martone pt estevez jm lu f ruel k denny mw somerville c ralph j jan 2009 discovery of lignin in seaweed reveals convergent evolution of cell wall architecture current biology 19 2 169 75 bibcode 2009cbio 19 169m doi 10 1016 j cub 2008 12 031 issn 0960 9822 pmid 19167225 s2cid 17409200 in the referenced article the species of aspen is not specified only that it was from canada hsiang hui king peter r solomon eitan avni robert w coughlin fall 1983 modeling tar composition in lignin pyrolysis pdf symposium on mathematical modeling of biomass pyrolysis phenomena washington d c 1983 p 1 archived from the original pdf on 2017 08 08 retrieved 2024 01 29 letourneau dane r volmer dietrich a 2021 07 22 mass spectrometry based methods for the advanced characterization and structural analysis of lignin a review mass spectrometry reviews 42 1 144 188 doi 10 1002 mas 21716 issn 0277 7037 pmid 34293221 s2cid 236200196 li laigeng cheng xiao fei leshkevich jacqueline umezawa toshiaki harding scott a chiang vincent l 2001 the last step of syringyl monolignol biosynthesis in angiosperms is regulated by a novel gene encoding sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase the plant cell 13 7 1567 1586 doi 10 1105 tpc 010111 pmc 139549 pmid 11449052 lignin and its properties glossary of lignin nomenclature dialogue newsletters volume 9 number 1 lignin institute july 2001 archived from the original on 2007 10 09 retrieved 2007 10 14 kuroda k ozawa t ueno t april 2001 characterization of sago palm metroxylon sagu lignin by analytical pyrolysis j agric food chem 49 4 1840 7 doi 10 1021 jf001126i pmid 11308334 s2cid 27962271 j ralph et al 2001 elucidation of new structures in lignins of cad and 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nmr journal of agricultural and food chemistry 49 6 2709 2716 doi 10 1021 jf001409a pmid 11409955 vane c h et al 2005 decay of cultivated apricot wood prunus armeniaca by the ascomycete hypocrea sulphurea using solid state 13 c nmr and off line tmah thermochemolysis with gc ms international biodeterioration biodegradation 55 3 175 185 doi 10 1016 j ibiod 2004 11 004 ralph john landucci larry l 2010 nmr of lignin and lignans lignin and lignans advances in chemistry boca raton fl taylor francis pp 137 244 isbn 978 1 57444 486 5 further reading edit freudenberg k nash a c eds 1968 constitution and biosynthesis of lignin berlin springer verlag lignins occurrence formation structure and reactions edited by k v sarkanen and c h ludwig john wiley sons inc new york 1971 external links edit tecnaro website v t e types of phenylpropanoids classes of phenylpropanoids hydroxycinnamic acids chromones furanochromones cinnamaldehydes monolignols coumarins chalcones flavonoids allylbenzenes 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