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rnmental organisation national government world government nationalism internationalism globalism power structure unitarism unitary state empire principality branches unified state power fusion of powers separation of powers client state associated state dependent territory dominion protectorate puppet state puppet monarch satellite state self governing colony tributary state buffer state vassal state viceroyalty federalism confederation devolution federation superstate supranational union international relations small power middle power regional power emerging power great power superpower related administrative division centralized government democratic backsliding democracy indices democratic transition democratisation politics portal v t e a middle power is a state that exerts significant influence in international relations at a level exceeding a small power but less than a great power these countries often possess certain capabilities such as strong economies advanced technologies and diplomatic influence that allow them to have a voice in global affairs middle powers are typically seen as bridge builders between larger powers using their diplomatic skills to mediate conflicts and promote cooperation on international issues 1 middle powers play a crucial role in the international system by promoting multilateralism cooperation and peaceful resolution of conflicts they are able to leverage their resources and diplomatic skills to advance their national interests while also contributing to global stability and prosperity as such middle powers are an important and often overlooked factor in the complex web of international relations 2 much like the notion of great powers the concept of middle powers dates back to ancient history with notable examples from ancient china india greece and rome subsequent illustrations are found in 13th and 14th century italy within the holy roman empire and in a number of medieval and early modern european societies 3 in the late 16th century italian political thinker giovanni botero divided the world into three types of states grandissime great powers mezano middle powers and piccioli small powers according to botero a mezano or middle power has sufficient strength and authority to stand on its own without the need of help from others 4 definition edit no agreed standard method defines which states are middle powers aside from the broad idea that middle powers are states that have a moderate ability to influence the behaviour of other states in contrast to small power which have little ability to influence some researchers use gross national product gnp statistics to draw lists of middle powers around the world economically middle powers are generally those that are not considered too big or too small however that is defined however economy is not always the defining factor under the original sense of the term a middle power was one that had some degree of influence globally but did not dominate in any one area however this usage is not universal and some define middle power to include nations that can be regarded as regional powers according to academics at the university of leicester and university of nottingham in 2001 middle power status is usually identified in one of two ways the traditional and most common way is to aggregate critical physical and material criteria to rank states according to their relative capabilities because countries capabilities differ they are categorized as superpowers or great powers middle powers or small powers more recently it is possible to discern a second method for identifying middle power status by focusing on behavioural attributes this posits that middle powers can be distinguished from superpowers and smaller powers because of their foreign policy behaviour middle powers carve out a niche for themselves by pursuing a narrow range and particular types of foreign policy interests in this way middle powers are countries that use their relative diplomatic skills in the service of international peace and stability 5 according to eduard jordaan of singapore management university all middle powers display foreign policy behaviour that stabilises and legitimises the global order typically through multilateral and cooperative initiatives however emerging and traditional middle powers can be distinguished in terms of their mutually influencing constitutive and behavioural differences constitutively traditional middle powers are wealthy stable egalitarian social democratic and not regionally influential behaviourally they exhibit a weak and ambivalent regional orientation constructing identities distinct from powerful states in their regions and offer appeasing concessions to pressures for global reform emerging middle powers by contrast are semi peripheral materially inegalitarian and recently democratised states that demonstrate much regional influence and self association behaviourally they opt for reformist and not radical global change exhibit a strong regional orientation favouring regional integration but seek also to construct identities distinct from those of the weak states in their region 1 another definition by the middle powers initiative mpi a program of the global security institute is that middle power countries are politically and economically significant internationally respected countries that have renounced the nuclear arms race a standing that give them significant international credibility 6 under this definition however nuclear armed states like india and pakistan and every state participant of the nato nuclear sharing would not be middle powers middle power diplomacy edit according to laura neak of the international studies association although there is some conceptual ambiguity surrounding the term middle power middle powers are identified most often by their international behavior called middle power diplomacy the tendency to pursue multilateral solutions to international problems the tendency to embrace compromise positions in international disputes and the tendency to embrace notions of good international citizenship to guide diplomacy middle powers are states who commit their relative affluence managerial skills and international prestige to the preservation of the international order and peace middle powers help to maintain the international order through coalition building by serving as mediators and go betweens and through international conflict management and resolution activities such as un peacekeeping middle powers perform these internationalist activities because of an idealistic imperative they associate with being a middle power the imperative is that the middle powers have a moral responsibility and collective ability to protect the international order from those who would threaten it including at times the great or principal powers this imperative was particularly profound during the most intense periods of the cold war 7 according to international relations scholar annette baker fox relationships between middle powers and great powers reveal more intricate behaviors and bargaining schemes than has often been assumed 8 according to soeya yoshihide middle power does not just mean a state s size or military or economic power rather middle power diplomacy is defined by the issue area where a state invests its resources and knowledge the middle power states avoid a direct confrontation with great powers but they see themselves as moral actors and seek their own role in particular issue areas such as human rights environment and arms regulations middle powers are the driving force in the process of transnational institutional building 9 at the same time scholars have identified relations of antagonism and competition between middle powers as well as their ability to use soft power to attain their goals as in the case of egypt israeli rivalry in africa 10 characteristics of middle power diplomacy include 9 commitment to multilateralism through global institutions and allying with other middle powers 11 high degree of civil society penetration in the country s foreign policy a country that reflects and forms its national identity through a novel foreign policy peacekeeping human security the international criminal court and the kyoto protocol the middle powers initiative highlights the importance of middle powers diplomacy through mpi eight international non governmental organizations are able to work primarily with middle power governments to encourage and educate the nuclear weapons states to take immediate practical steps that reduce nuclear dangers and commence negotiations to eliminate nuclear weapons middle power countries are particularly influential in issues related to arms control being that they are politically and economically significant internationally respected countries that have renounced the nuclear arms race a standing that gives them significant political credibility self defined by states edit the term first entered canadian political discourse after world war ii prime minister louis st laurent for example called canada a power of the middle rank and helped to lay out the classical definition of canadian middle power diplomacy when he was advocating for canada s election to the united nations security council he said that while the special nature of canada s relationship to the united kingdom and the united states complicates our responsibilities canada was not a satellite of either but would continue to make our decisions objectively in the light of our obligations to our own people and their interest in the welfare of the international community 12 canadian leaders believed canada was a middle power because it was a junior partner in larger alliances e g nato norad was actively involved in resolving disputes outside its own region e g suez crisis was not a former colonial power and therefore neutral in anti colonial struggles worked actively in the united nations to represent the interests of smaller nations and to prevent the dominance of the superpowers often being elected to the united nations security council for such reasons and because it was involved in humanitarian and peacekeeping efforts around the world in march 2008 australian prime minister kevin rudd defined his country s foreign policy as one of middle power diplomacy along the lines of similar criteria australia would influence international decision makers on issues such as global economic security and environmental challenges 13 significance in the 21st century edit american political analyst cliff kupchan describes middle powers as countries with significant leverage in geopolitics but that are less powerful than the world s two superpowers the united states and china 14 nevertheless kupchan argues that middle powers particularly in the global south have more power agency and geopolitical heft in the 21st century namely the 2020s than at any time since the second world war he identifies brazil india indonesia saudi arabia south africa and turkey as leading middle powers and describes them as swing states that are capable of creating new power dynamics due to their nonalignment with most great powers 14 among the shared characteristics of these six nations are membership in the g20 large and fast growing economies and active diplomatic involvement in major events such as the russian invasion of ukraine and international climate action 14 kupchan attributes the emergence of stronger middle powers to several historical developments in the international system including the weaker bipolarity between the u s and china as opposed to the stricter allegiances of the cold war and the subsequent u s hegemony following the collapse of the soviet union and the gradual trend of deglobalization which has fostered regionalized geopolitical and geoeconomic relationships wherein middle powers have comparatively greater influence for example the fragmenting of the international energy market has purportedly given saudi arabia a major energy exporter far more weight in now smaller regional markets kupchan also notes the ability of these middle powers to capitalize on rivalries between the major powers in order to further their own influence interests or foreign policy initiatives 14 overlaps between great powers and middle powers edit the overlaps between the lists of middle powers and great powers show that there is no unanimous agreement among authorities 15 nations including china france russia the united kingdom and the united states are generally considered to be great powers due to their economic military or strategic importance their status as recognized nuclear powers and their permanent seats on the united nations security council academics also commonly cite germany india and japan as great powers due to their large advanced economies and global influence rather than military and strategic capabilities 16 yet some sources have at times referred to these nations as middle powers 17 18 some in the field of international relations such as john kirton and roberto gimeno claim that italy is a great power due to its status and membership in the g7 and nato quint 19 20 moreover according to a 2014 report by the hague centre for strategic studies hcss italy is listed among the great powers 21 although broad academic support for india as a great power is uncommon some in the field of political science such as malik mohan and dr zbigniew brzezinski consider india to be a great power as well 22 23 likewise brazil is sometimes referred as a great power due to its economic power and influence 24 25 with italy at times being considered a great power due to these factors as well as its cultural power the following eight countries have at some point in the post cold war era been considered great powers but also middle powers by academics or other experts brazil 26 27 28 29 france 17 30 germany 31 32 30 india 33 34 35 36 37 30 italy 38 39 40 japan 41 34 42 30 russia 43 44 united kingdom 17 45 30 the united states 46 47 and china 48 49 50 51 52 are considered by many scholars to exceed the traditional criterion of great power and are labelled as superpowers and are therefore not listed 53 54 55 56 list of middle powers edit as with the great powers there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to which countries are considered middle powers lists are often the subject of much debate and tend to place comparatively large countries e g argentina alongside relatively small ones e g norway 57 clearly not all middle powers are of equal status some are considered regional powers and members of the g20 e g australia while others could very easily be considered small powers e g the czech republic 58 some larger middle powers also play important roles in the united nations and other international organisations such as the wto as a middle power canada has had considerable influence in world affairs through its peacekeeping efforts in the late 20th cen...
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