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ost scholars agreeing that their migrations started from the eastern part of the central asian steppe 5 while one author has postulated that proto turkic originated 2 500 years ago in east asia 6 the oldest records of a turkic language the old turkic orkhon inscriptions of the 7th century göktürk khaganate already show characteristics of eastern common turkic for a long time the reconstruction of proto turkic relied on comparisons of old turkic with early sources of the western common turkic branches such as oghuz and kypchak as well as the western oghur proper bulgar chuvash khazar because early attestation of these non easternmost languages is much sparser reconstruction of proto turkic still rests fundamentally on the easternmost old turkic of the göktürks however it now also includes a more comprehensive analysis of all written and spoken forms of the language 7 the proto turkic language shows evidence of influence from several neighboring language groups including eastern iranian tocharian and old chinese 8 origins edit proto turkic homeland and expansion 9 there is general agreement among linguists and historians that proto turkic was spoken somewhere in central east asia 10 its most likely ultimate homeland was modern day eastern mongolia 11 from circa 1200 bce nomadic activity led to the expansion of proto turkic into a wider area from the sayan altai mountains in south siberia to eastern inner mongolia 10 proto turkic is thought to have split at the end of the first millennium bce 10 the likely ultimate homeland of proto turkic in eastern mongolia was very close to the homeland of the proto mongolic language in southern manchuria and the homeland of proto tungusic in the area where modern day china russia and north korea meet which would explain the proximity of these languages 10 phonology edit consonants edit the consonant system had a two way contrast of stop consonants fortis vs lenis k p t vs g b d there was also an affricate consonant č at least one sibilant s and sonorants m n ń ŋ r l with a full series of nasal consonants some scholars additionally reconstruct the palatalized sounds ĺ and ŕ for the correspondence sets oghuric l common turkic š and oghuric r common turkic z most scholars who however assume that these are the regular reflexes of proto turkic l and r 12 oghuric is thus sometimes referred to as lir turkic and common turkic as shaz turkic a glottochronological reconstruction based on analysis of isoglosses and sinicisms points to the timing of the r z split at around 56 bce 48 ce as anna dybo puts it that may be associated with the historical situation that can be seen in the history of the huns division onto the northern and southern groups the first separation and withdrawal of the northern huns to the west has occurred as was stated above in 56 bc the second split of the eastern huns into the northern and southern groups happened in 48 ad 13 dybo suggests that during that period the northern branch steadily migrated from western mongolia through southern xinjiang into the north s dzungaria and then finally into kazakhstan s zhetysu until the 5th century 13 there was no fortis lenis contrast in word initial position the initial stops were always b t k the affricate was always č and the sibilant was always s in addition the nasals and the liquids did not occur in that position either 14 type bilabial dental or alveolar palatal velar nasal m n ń nʲ ŋ plosive and affricate fortis p t č t͡ʃ k lenis b d g sibilant s liquid lateral l ĺ lʲ rhotic r ŕ rʲ semivowel j like in many modern turkic languages the velars k g and possibly ŋ seem to have had back and front allophones k and q g and ɢ ŋ and ɴ according to their environments with the velar allophones occurring in words with front vowels and uvular allophones occurring in words with back vowels the lenis stops b d and g ɢ may have tended towards fricatives intervocalically 15 vowels edit like most of its descendants proto turkic exhibited vowel harmony distinguishing vowel qualities a ï o u vs e ẹ i ö ü as well as two vowel quantities here macrons represent long vowels some scholars e g gerhard doerfer additionally reconstruct a mid back unrounded ë based on cognate sets with chuvash tuvan and yakut ï corresponding to a in all other turkic languages although these correspondences can also be explained as deriving from a which underwent subsequent sound changes in those three languages 16 17 the phonemicity of the distinction between the two close unrounded vowels i e front i and back ï is also rejected by some 17 type front back unrounded rounded unrounded rounded high i ī i ü ǖ y ï ï̄ ɯ u ū u mid ẹ ẹ̄ e ö ȫ ø œ ë ë̄ ɤ o ō o low e ē ɛ a ā a morphology edit nouns edit plurals edit while plurality in modern turkic languages is relatively straightforward proto turkic seemingly has multiple plural suffixes with unclear use cases for each one plural suffix preserved in both oghuric and common turkic is i ŕ in words such as turkish ikiz or biz or chuvash e pir another possible plural suffix is i t which was commonly seen in old turkic and preserved in very few words such as turkish oğlan common turkic languages today use their respective descendants of the proto common turkic plural suffix lar whereas chuvash uses сем which descends from proto turkic sāyïn every it s unknown whether the proto common turkic lar i t and a n existed in proto turkic and were lost in the oghuric branch or were later inventions altogether possessive suffixes edit reconstructable possessive suffixes in proto turkic includes 1sg m 2sg ŋ and 3sg s i plurals of the possessors are formed by z in common turkic languages verbs edit the reconstructable suffixes for the verbs include aorist vr past di negative suffix ma 1sg m past tense mẹn aorist and future tense bẹn 2sg ŋ past tense sẹn aorist and future tense sẹn 3sg ol 1pl m iŕ past tense dual form of singular suffix biŕ aorist and future tense biŕ 2pl ŋ iŕ past tense dual form of singular suffix siŕ aorist and future tense siŕ proto turkic also involves derivation with grammatical voice suffixes as in cooperative körüĺ middle körün passive körül and causative körtkür vocabulary edit pronouns edit proto turkic turkish azeri turkmen kazakh chuvash karakhanid uzbek uyghur bashkir kyrgyz sakha yakut i bẹ 18 19 bẹn 20 21 ben ban mən men men ma epĕ man men man men men min men min you sẹ 18 22 sẹn sen san sən sen sen sa siz esĕ san sen san sen siz sen siz hin sen siz en he she it an o l on o on o ol on o l un văl an ol u u ul al kini ol 23 we biŕ biz biz biz biz epir pir biz biz biz beð biz bihigi you plural siŕ siz siz siz sender sizder esir sir siz sizlar senler siler sizler heð siler sizder ehigi they o lar 24 on lar onlar olar olar vĕsem vĕsen olar ular ular ular alar kiniler ollor numbers edit proto turkic oghur turkic common turkic volga bulgar chuvash karakhanid turkish azeri turkmen kazakh uzbek uyghur bashkir kyrgyz sakha yakut 1 bīr bīr pĕr bīr bir bir bir bir bir bir ber bir biir 2 ẹk k i eki ikĕ ikkī iki iki iki eki ikki ikki ike eki ikki 3 üč v e č viśĕ üč üç üç üç üş uch üç ös üč üs 4 tȫrt tüvet tăvată tȫrt dört dörd dört tört toʻrt tört dürt tört tüört 5 bẹ̄ĺ k byel pilĕk bḗš beş beş bäş bes besh beş biş beş bies 6 altï altï ultă altï̄ altı altı alty altı olti alte altı altı alta 7 jẹt t i čyeti śičĕ yétī yedi yeddi ýedi jeti yetti yetti yete jeti sette 8 sekiŕ sekir sakăr sekiz sekiz səkkiz sekiz segiz sakkiz sekkiz higeð segiz аğıs 9 tokuŕ tuxïr tăhăr tokūz dokuz doqquz dokuz toğız toʻqqiz toqquz tuğıð toguz toğus 10 ōn van vună ōn on on on on oʻn on un on uon 20 jẹgirmi čiyir i m śirĕm yegirmī yirmi iyirmi ýigrimi jıyırma yigirma yigrime yegerme jıyırma süürbe 30 otuŕ v u t u r vătăr ottuz otuz otuz otuz otız oʻttiz ottuz utıð otuz otut 40 kïrk x ï r ï x hĕrĕh kïrk kırk qırx kyrk qırıq qirq qiriq qırq kırk 50 ellig ellü ală ellig elli əlli elli eliw ellik ellik ille elüü 60 altmïĺ utmăl altmïš altmış altmış altmyş alpıs oltmish atmiş altmış altımış 70 jẹtmïĺ śitmĕl yetmiš yetmiş yetmiş ýetmiş jetpis yetmish etmiş yetmeş jetimiş 80 sekiŕ ōn sakăr vun seksȫn seksen səksən segsen seksen sakson seksen hikhän seksen ağıs uon 90 tokuŕ ōn tăhăr vun toksōn doksan doxsan togsan toqsan toʻqson toqsan tuqhan tokson toğus uon 100 jǖŕ čǖr śĕr yǖz yüz yüz ýüz jüz yuz yüz yöð jüz süüs 1000 bïŋ pin miŋ bin min müň mıñ ming miñ meñ miñ muñ references edit 1 2 robbeets savelyev 2017 p 127 the turkic languages lars johanson éva á csató 2015 the turks in world history carter v findley 2005 p 17 yunusbayev bayazit metspalu mait metspalu ene valeev albert 21 april 2015 the genetic legacy of the expansion of turkic speaking nomads across eurasia plos genetics 11 4 e1005068 doi 10 1371 journal pgen 1005068 issn 1553 7404 pmc 4405460 pmid 25898006 the origin and early dispersal history of the turkic peoples is disputed with candidates for their ancient homeland ranging from the transcaspian steppe to manchuria in northeast asia robbeets martine savelyev alexander 21 december 2017 language dispersal beyond farming john benjamins publishing company p 127 isbn 978 90 272 6464 0 it is generally agreed among historians and linguists that the starting point of the turkic migrations was located in the eastern part of the central asian steppe see e g golden 1992 kljastornyj suktanov 2009 menges 1995 55 turkologists use various definitions for describing the proto turkic homeland but most indicate more or less the same region while janhunen 1996 26 2015 293 locates the proto turkic homeland fairly precisely in eastern mongolia rona tas 1998 88 in a rather general manner places the last habitat of the turkic speakers before the disintegration of the family in west and central siberia and in the region south of it the latter localization overlaps in large part with that proposed by tenisev et al 2006 who associate the proto turkic urheimat with the vast area stretching from the ordos desert in inner mongolia to the foothils of the sayan altai mountains in southern siberia janhunen juha 2013 personal pronouns in core altaic in martine irma robbeets hubert cuyckens eds shared grammaticalization with special focus on the transeurasian languages john benjamins p 223 isbn 978 90 272 0599 5 róna tas 1998 pp 69 róna tas 1998 pp 78 uchiyama et al 2020 p 12 figure 3 1 2 3 4 uchiyama et al 2020 p 11 uchiyama et al 2020 p 11 the ultimate proto turkic homeland may have been located in a more compact area most likely in eastern mongolia róna tas 1998 pp 71 72 1 2 dybo a v 2007 chronology of turkic languages and linguistic contacts of early turks pdf in russian moscow p 770 archived from the original pdf on 2005 03 11 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link róna tas 1998 p 71 johanson 1998 p 97 róna tas 1998 p 70 1 2 johanson 1998 pp 90 91 1 2 georg stefan 2004 12 22 review of starostin dybo mudrak gruntov glumov 2003 etymological dictionary of the altaic languages diachronica 21 2 445 450 doi 10 1075 dia 21 2 12geo issn 0176 4225 turkic etymology query result starling rinet ru retrieved 2021 09 23 reconstruction proto turkic ben wiktionary 2021 08 20 retrieved 2021 09 23 proto turkic pronouns and numbers wikibooks open books for an open world en wikibooks org retrieved 2021 09 23 turkic etymology query result starling rinet ru retrieved 2021 09 23 in sakha aka yakut kini ler is used for animate referents whereas ol lor is used for inanimate referents while the latter is cognate with other third person forms given here the former descends from proto turkic gëntü këntü him her self and is thus cognate for example with turkish kendi this pronoun are constructed by adding a plural suffix to o l he she it however an oghur language chuvash uses a completely different plural suffix that lacks vowel harmony sem according to róna tas 1998 sem is a late replacement to lar sources edit antonov anton jacques guillaume 2012 turkic kümüš silver and the lambdaism vs sigmatism debate turkic languages 15 2 151 170 décsy gyula 1998 the turkic protolanguage a computational reconstruction vajda edward j 2000 review of décsy 1998 language 76 2 473 474 clauson gerard 1972 etymological dictionary of pre thirteenth century turkish oxford clarendon press isbn 978 0 19 864112 4 grønbech vilhelm 1997 preliminary studies in turkic historical phonology uralic altaic curzon routledge isbn 0 7007 0935 5 johanson lars 1998 history of turkic in johanson lars csató éva eds the turkic languages london taylor francis pp 81 125 isbn 0 415 08200 5 róna tas andrás 1998 the reconstruction of proto turkic and the genetic question in johanson lars csató éva eds the turkic languages london taylor francis pp 67 80 isbn 0 415 08200 5 uchiyama junzo gillam j christopher savelyev alexander ning chao 2020 populations dynamics in northern eurasian forests a long term perspective from northeast asia evolutionary human sciences 2 11 doi 10 1017 ehs 2020 11 issn 2513 843x pmc 10427466 further reading edit dybo a v 2014 early contacts of turks and problems of proto turkic reconstruction in tatarica language 2 p 7 17 wheels and carts of the ancient turks in a linguistic view karadeniz araştırmaları xvii 65 167 176 external links edit wikibooks has a book on the topic of proto turkic v t e altaic sprachbund families turkic mongolic tungusic koreanic japonic ainu early languages old turkic old korean old japanese proto languages proto altaic proto turkic proto mongolic proto japonic v t e turkic languages list of turkic languages reconstructed proto turkic oghur bulgar chuvash onogur common turkic argu khalaj karluk western uzbek northern uzbek southern uzbek eastern ili turki uyghur khoton lop äynu old chagatai karakhanid khorezmian kipchak bulgar bashkir tatar mishar tatar nagaibak old tatar cuman armeno kipchak crimean tatar cuman karachay balkar karaim krymchak kumyk mamluk kipchak urum kyrgyz fergana kipchak kyrgyz pamir kyrgyz siberian tatar baraba tatar tom tatar southern altai telengit teleut nogai karakalpak kazakh nogai siberian tatar tobol irtysh tatar oghuz northern salar eastern khorasani turkic turkmen trukhmen southern afshari chaharmahali turkic qashqai sonqori western azerbaijani north azerbaijani south azerbaijani ajem turkic balkan gagauz gagauz karapapakh turkish tsalka karamanli turkish old anatolian turkish ottoman turkish siberian northern dolgan yakut southern chulym lower chulym sayan steppe tuvan taiga dukhan soyot tofa tuha yenisei fuyu kyrgyz khakas kamas turk northern altai chelkan kumandy tuba shor western yugur old old uyghur orkhon turkic disputed classification khazar pecheneg potentially turkic languages di pannonian avar tuoba creoles and pidgins hezhou kurbet qoqmončaq italics indicate extinct languages languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left v t e turkic topics languages afshar altai northern southern äynu azerbaijani bashkir bulgar chagatai chulym chuvash crimean tatar cuman dolgan fuyü gïrgïs gagauz ili turki 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