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the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth termed respectively apical and laminal denti alveolar which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth alveolar which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge termed respectively apical and laminal postalveolar which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge termed respectively apical and laminal its phonation is voiced which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation it is an oral consonant which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose it is a lateral consonant which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue rather than down the middle its airstream mechanism is pulmonic which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles as in most speech sounds occurrence edit languages may have clear apical or laminal alveolars laminal denti alveolars such as french or true dentals which are uncommon laminal denti alveolars tend to occur in continental european languages 3 however a true dental generally occurs allophonically before θ in languages that have it as in english hea l th sagittal sections and palatograms of the vowel colored coronal laterals lⁱ lᵘ and lᵊ coronal laterals are often colored by surrounding vowels in their articulation as the main portion of the tongue body remains free 4 5 6 if necessary this coloring can be transcribed with superscript vowels such as lⁱ lᵘ lᵊ 7 a dental or denti alveolar edit language word ipa meaning notes arabic gulf 8 لـ ين l een l̪eːn when laminal denti alveolar see arabic phonology chinese cantonese 蘭 l aan4 l̪an orchid mandarin 蘭 l án l̪an hungarian 9 e l em ˈɛl̪ɛm battery laminal denti alveolar see hungarian phonology italian 10 11 12 mo l to ˈmol̪ːt̪o much a lot laminal denti alveolar allophone of l before t d s z t͡s d͡z 10 11 12 see italian phonology macedonian 13 л ево l evo l̪e̞vo̞ left laminal denti alveolar see macedonian phonology mapudungun 14 ḻ afkeṉ l̪ɐ̝fkën̪ sea lake interdental 14 norwegian urban east 15 an l egg ²ɑnːl̪ɛg plant industrial allophone of l after n t d 15 see norwegian phonology spanish 16 a l tar äl̪ˈt̪äɾ altar laminal denti alveolar allophone of l before t d see spanish phonology swedish central standard 17 a ll t äl̪t̪ everything laminal denti alveolar see swedish phonology uzbek 18 ke l ajak kel̪ædʒæk future laminal denti alveolar velarized between a non front rounded vowel and a consonant or juncture phoneme 18 vietnamese hanoi 19 l ửa l̪ɨə fire see vietnamese phonology alveolar edit language word ipa meaning notes arabic standard 20 لا l ā laʔ no see arabic phonology armenian eastern 21 լ ուսին l usin lusin ⓘ moon assyrian ܠܚܡܐ l äḳma lεxma bread bengali ল ম্বা lɔmbɐ long see bengali phonology breton l agad lagat eye catalan 22 23 some dialects te l a ˈt̪ɛl̺ə fabric apical front alveolar 22 23 more frequently velarized dark l 24 see catalan phonology chuvash ху л а хu la city czech bí l ý ˈbiːliː ⓘ white see czech phonology dutch standard 25 l aten ˈl̻aːt̻ə to let laminal some standard belgian speakers use the clear l in all positions 25 see dutch phonology some eastern accents 26 ma l mɑl̻ mold laminal realization of l in all positions 26 see dutch phonology dhivehi ލަވަ l ava laʋa song english most accents 27 l et lɛt to let varies between apical and laminal with the latter being predominant 27 irish geordie 28 te ll tʰɛl to tell esperanto l uno ˈluno moon see esperanto phonology filipino l uto ˈluto to cook see filipino phonology georgian ლ ექსი l eksi le̞kʰs̪i verse poetry see georgian phonology რბი ლ ი rbi l i ɾbili soft greek λ έξη l éksi ˈleksi word see modern greek phonology hebrew ל י ל ה l ai l a lajla night see modern hebrew phonology italian 10 29 30 l etto ˈlɛt̪ːo bed apical 11 see italian phonology japanese 六 r oku lo̞kɯ̟ᵝ six apical 31 more commonly ɾ see japanese phonology kashubian 32 example needed khmer ភ្លេង ph l éng pʰleːŋ music see khmer phonology korean 일 i l il one or work realized as alveolar tap ɾ in the beginning of a syllable see korean phonology kyrgyz 33 көпө л өк köpö l ök køpøˈløk butterfly velarized in back vowel contexts see kyrgyz phonology laghu l aghu lagu laghu language laghuu nậm sài sa pa town la ɣɯ laghuu language malayalam തല t̪ɐlɐ head see malayalam phonology mapudungun 14 e l un ëˈlʊn to give nepali ला मो lämo long see nepali phonology odia 34 ଭ ଲ bʰɔlɔ good persian لاما l āmā lɒmɒ llama see persian phonology polish 35 po l e ˈpɔlɛ ⓘ field contrasts with ɫ̪ w for a small number of speakers when it does it might be palatalized to lʲ see polish phonology romanian 36 a l ună äˈlun̪ə hazelnut apical see romanian phonology scottish gaelic 37 mao il mɯːl headland apical 38 contrasts with ɫ̪ and ʎ see scottish gaelic phonology slovak 39 m ĺ kvy ˈml̩ːkʋi ⓘ silent syllabic form can be long or short see slovak phonology slovene 40 l eta l o lɛˈt̪àːlɔ airplane see slovene phonology spanish 41 hab l ar äˈβ̞läɾ to speak see spanish phonology tamil 42 புலி pu l i pul̪i tiger see tamil phonology welsh diafo l djavɔl devil see welsh phonology ukrainian 43 об л иччя ob l ychchya oˈblɪt͡ʃːɐ face contrasts with palatalized form see ukrainian phonology postalveolar edit see also palatal lateral approximant and retroflex lateral approximant language word ipa meaning notes catalan 44 e l x ˈɛl̠ t͡ ɕ elche allophone of l before ʃ ʒ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ɕ ʑ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ may be alveolo palatal instead see catalan phonology igbo standard 45 l ì l̠ì bury italian 11 i l cervo il̠ʲ ˈt͡ʃɛrvo the deer palatalized laminal allophone of l before ʃ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ 11 see italian phonology turkish 46 47 l a l e ʎ̟äːˈʎ̟ɛ ⓘ tulip palatalized contrasts with a velarized dental lateral ɫ̟ 46 may be devoiced elsewhere see turkish phonology zapotec tilquiapan 48 l an l̠an soot variable edit language word ipa meaning notes faroese 49 l inur ˈliːnʊɹ soft varies between dental and alveolar in initial position whereas the postvocalic l may be postalveolar especially after back vowels 49 see faroese phonology french 50 i l il he varies between laminal denti alveolar and apical alveolar with the latter being predominant 50 see french phonology gbe all lects 51 ml̃ɔ̃ to lie down occurs syllable initially or as second element of syllable initial cluster nasalized l̃ is always followed by a nasal vowel 51 see gbe phonology german standard 52 l iebe ˈliːbə love varies between denti alveolar laminal alveolar and apical alveolar 52 norwegian urban east 53 l iv liːʋ life in process of changing from laminal denti alveolar to apical alveolar but the laminal denti alveolar is still possible in some environments and is obligatory after n t d 53 see norwegian phonology portuguese most brazilian dialects 54 55 56 some ep speakers 57 l ero l ero ˈlɛɾʊ ˈlɛɾʊ runaround 58 clear dental to sometimes alveolar 59 only occurs in syllable onset with l vocalization widely occurring in coda sometimes found before front vowels only in the european variety see portuguese phonology l ituânia l̪it̪uˈɐ̃ɲ̟ɐ ⓘ lithuania velarized or pharyngealized alveolar lateral approximant edit not to be confused with voiced velar lateral approximant voiced velarized or pharyngealized alveolar lateral approximant ɫ lˠ lˤ ipa number 209 audio sample source help encoding entity decimal 108 736 unicode hex u 006c u 02e0 x sampa 5 or l_g or l_ image a voiced velarized or pharyngealized alveolar lateral approximant also known as dark l is a type of consonantal sound used in some languages it is an alveolar denti alveolar or dental lateral approximant with a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization the regular symbols in the international phonetic alphabet that represent this sound are lˠ for a velarized lateral and lˤ for a pharyngealized lateral though the dedicated letter ɫ which covers both velarization and pharyngealization is perhaps more common the latter should not be confused with belted ɬ which represents the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative however some scholars use that symbol to represent the velarized alveolar lateral approximant anyway 60 though such usage is considered non standard if the sound is dental or denti alveolar one could use a dental diacritic to indicate so l̪ˠ l̪ˤ ɫ̪ velarization and pharyngealization are generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants so dark l tends to be dental or denti alveolar clear non velarized l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position 61 the term dark l is often synonymous with hard l especially in slavic languages cf hard consonants features edit features of a dark l its manner of articulation is approximant which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream there are four specific place of articulation variants of ɫ dental which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth denti alveolar which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth alveolar which means it is articulated with either the tip or more rarely 61 the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge termed respectively apical and laminal postalveolar which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge termed respectively apical and laminal it has a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization meaning that the back or root of the tongue approaches the soft palate velum or the back of the throat respectively its phonation is voiced which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation it is an oral consonant which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose it is a lateral consonant which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue rather than down the middle its airstream mechanism is pulmonic which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles as in most speech sounds occurrence edit dental or denti alveolar edit language word ipa meaning notes arabic standard arabic اللّٰه a ll ah ʔaˈɫːaːh the god the emphatic l it is pronounced when preceded by it with a fatha or a dammah when it preceded by a kasrah the letter l is pronounced with a softened sound it means a regular l see arabian phonology bashkir ҡа л а قا ڵـ ا qa l a qɑˈɫɑ ⓘ city velarized dental lateral occurs in back vowel contexts belarusian 62 бе л арусь bie ł aruś bʲɛɫ̪äˈrusʲ belarus laminal denti alveolar contrasts with palatalized form see belarusian phonology bulgarian 63 better source needed сто л sto l stoɫ̪ chair laminal denti alveolar see bulgarian phonology catalan 24 64 a l t ˈɑɫ̪ t̪ tall laminal denti alveolar allophone of l before t d 64 see catalan phonology classical armenian 24 64 խա ղ եր xa ł er χɑɫɛɹ games ʁ ġ in modern armenian icelandic 65 si gl di s̺ɪɫ̪t̪ɪ sailed laminal denti alveolar rare see icelandic phonology kashubian older southeastern speakers 32 kôłbasa laminal denti alveolar realized as w by other speakers 32 lithuanian 66 l abas ˈɫ̪äːbɐs̪ hi laminal denti alveolar contrasts with palatalized form see lithuanian phonology macedonian 67 л ук l uk ɫ̪uk garlic laminal denti alveolar present only before back vowels u o a and syllable finally see macedonian phonology norwegian urban east 66 15 ta l e ˈt̻ʰɑːɫ̪ə speech laminal denti alveolar allophone of l after ɔ oː ɑ ɑː and sometimes also after u uː 15 however according to endresen 1990 this allophone is not velarized 68 see norwegian phonology polish eastern dialects 35 ł apa ˈɫ̪äpä paw laminal denti alveolar corresponds to w in other varieties see polish phonology russian 69 ма л ый ma l yj ˈmɑ̟ɫ̪ɨ̞j ⓘ small pharyngealized laminal denti alveolar see russian phonology scottish gaelic 70 ma ll aig ˈmäʊɫ̪ækʲ mallaig apical dental occasionally laminal 71 in certain dialects manifests as w or l̪ˠw contrasts with l and ʎ see scottish gaelic phonology swedish northern västerbotten 72 ka ll ˈkɒɫː cold allophone of lː turkish 46 47 l a l a ɫ̟ɑˈɫ̟ɑ servant laminal denti alveolar contrasts with a palatalized postalveolar lateral ʎ̟ 46 47 may be devoiced elsewhere see turkish phonology alveolar edit language word ipa meaning notes afrikaans standard 73 74 tafe l ˈtɑːfəɫ table velarized in all positions especially non prevocalically 73 74 see afrikaans phonology albanian standard ll u ll ë ˈɫuɫə smoking pipe arabic standard 75 الله ʼa ll ah ʔaɫˈɫaːh god also transcribed as lˤ many accents and dialects lack the sound and instead pronounce l see arabic phonology catalan 24 most dialects ma l ˈmɑɫ̺ bad evil apical can be always dark in many dialects see catalan phonology dutch standard 76 ma ll en ˈmɑɫ̻ə molds laminal pharyngealized in northern accents velarized or post palatalised in southern accents it is an allophone of l before consonants and pauses and also prevocalically when after the open back vowels ɔ ɑ many northern speakers realize the final l as a strongly pharyngealised vocoid ɤˤ whereas some standard belgian speakers use the clear l in all positions 76 see dutch phonology some netherlandic accents 26 l aten ˈɫ̻aːt̻ə to let pharyngealized laminal realization of l in all positions 26 see dutch phonology english 77 australian fee l fiːɫ ⓘ feel most often apical can be always dark in australia and new zealand see australian english phonology new zealand english phonology and english phonology canadian dublin general american new zealand received pronunciation south african scottish l och ɫɔx loch can be always dark except in some borrowings from scottish gaelic greek northern dialects 78 μπά λα bá ll a ˈbaɫa ball allophone of l before a o u see modern greek phonology georgian ჟო ლ ო zho l o ˈʒo̞ɫo̞ raspberry an allophone of l before o u and a see georgian phonology kurdish sorani gâ l ta گاڵتا gɑːɫˈtʲaː joke see kurdish phonology romanian bessarabian dialect 79 ca l kaɫ horse corresponds to non velarized l in which environments in standard romanian see romanian phonology serbo croatian 80 л ак l ak لاق ɫâ̠k easy apical may be syllabic contrasts with ʎ see serbo croatian phonology uzbek 18 go zal گؤز ل гўзал gɒˈzæl beautifull apical between a non front rounded vowel and a consonant or juncture phoneme non velarized denti alveolar elsewhere 18 variable edit language word ipa meaning notes portuguese european 81 mi l miɫ̪ thousand dental and strongly velarized in all environments for most speakers though less so before front vowels 82 57 older and conservative brazilian 83 84 85 86 á l coo l ˈäɫ̪ko̞ɫ̪ alcohol ethanol when lˠ lʶ lˤ lˀ 87 most often dental coda is now vocalized to u̯ ʊ̯ in most of brazil as in ep in rural parts of alto minho and madeira 88 stigmatized realizations such as ɾ ɽ ɻ the ʁ range j and even zero are ...
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