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omising prospects of gold after having some pans of earth washed 161 chapel was a flamboyant and extroverted character who in 1858 at the height of the gold rush claimed to have first found the gold instead chapel had been employed by o connell as part of a prospecting party to follow up on o connell s initial gold find a prospecting party which according to contemporary local pastoralist colin archer after pottering about for some six months or more did discover a gold field near canoona yielding gold in paying quantities for a limited number of men 162 o connell was in sydney in july 1858 when he reported to the government the success of the measures he had initiated for the development of the goldfield which he had discovered this first queensland gold rush resulted in about 15 000 people flocking to this sparsely populated area in the last months of 1858 this was however a small goldfield with only shallow gold deposits and with nowhere near enough gold to sustain the large number of prospectors this gold rush was given the name of the duffer rush as destitute prospectors had in the end to be rescued by their colonial governments or given charitable treatment by shipping companies to return home when they did not strike it rich and had used up all their capital 163 the authorities had expected violence to break out and had supplied contingents of mounted and foot police as well as warships the new south wales government queensland was then part of new south wales sent up the iris which remained in keppel bay during november to preserve the peace the victorian government sent up the victoria with orders to the captain to bring back all victorian diggers unable to pay their fares they were to work out their passage money on return to melbourne 164 o connell had reported that we have had some trying moments when it seemed as if the weight of a feather would have turned the balance between comparative order and scenes of great violence 165 according to legend both o connel and chapel were threatened with lynching 166 167 1861 1866 cape river and other finds in queensland in late 1861 168 the clermont goldfield was discovered in central queensland near peak downs triggering what has incorrectly been described as one of queensland s major gold rushes mining extended over a large area 169 but only a small number of miners was involved newspapers of the day which also warned against a repeat of the canoona experience of 1858 168 at the same time as describing lucrative gold finds reveal that this was only a small gold rush the rockhampton bulletin and central queensland advertiser of 3 may 1862 reported that a few men have managed to earn a subsistence for some months others have gone there and returned unsuccessful 170 the courier brisbane of 5 january 1863 describes 40 miners on the diggings at present and in the course of a few months there will probably be several hundred miners at work 171 the courier reported 200 diggers at peak downs in july 1863 172 the goldfield covering an area of over 1 600 square miles 4 100 km 2 was officially declared in august 1863 173 the cornwall chronicle launceston tasmania citing the ballarat star reported about 300 men at work many of them new chums in october 1863 174 in 1862 175 176 177 gold was found at calliope near gladstone 33 with the goldfield being officially proclaimed in the next year 178 the small rush attracted around 800 people by 1864 and after that the population declined as by 1870 the gold deposits were worked out 179 in 1863 gold was also found at canal creek leyburn 33 and some gold mining began there at that time but the short lived gold rush there did not occur until 1871 72 180 in 1865 richard daintree discovered 100 km 62 mi south west of charters towers the cape river goldfield near pentland 181 in north queensland 182 the cape river goldfield which covered an area of over 300 square miles 780 km 2 was not however proclaimed until 4 september 1867 and by the next year the best of the alluvial gold had petered out this gold rush attracted chinese diggers to queensland for the first time 173 183 the chinese miners at cape river moved to richard daintree s newly discovered oaks goldfield on the gilbert river in 1869 173 the crocodile creek bouldercombe gorge field near rockhampton was also discovered in 1865 33 by august 1866 it was reported that there were between 800 and 1 000 men on the field 184 a new rush took place in march 1867 185 by 1868 the best of the alluvial gold had petered out the enterprising chinese diggers who arrived in the area however were still able to make a success of their gold mining endeavours 186 gold was also found at morinish near rockhampton in 1866 with miners working in the area by december 1866 187 and a new rush being described in the newspapers in february 1867 188 with the population being estimated on the field as 600 189 1867 1870 gympie and other finds in queensland queensland had plunged into an economic crisis after the separation of queensland from new south wales in 1859 this had led to severe unemployment with a peak in 1866 gold was being mined in the state but the number of men involved was only small on 8 january 1867 the queensland government offered a 3 000 equivalent to a 952 000 in 2022 reward for the discovery of more payable goldfields in the state as a direct result 1867 saw new gold rushes 173 more goldfields were discovered near rockhampton in early 1867 being ridgelands and rosewood 33 190 191 the rush to rosewood was described in may 1867 as having over three hundred miners 192 ridgelands with its few hundred miners was described as the most populous gold field in the colony on 5 october 1867 193 but it was very soon overtaken and far surpassed by gympie the most important discovery in 1867 was later in the year when james nash discovered gold at gympie 194 195 with the rush under way by november 1867 196 j a lewis inspector of police arrived on the gympie goldfield on 3 november 1867 and wrote on 11 november 1867 on reaching the diggings i found a population numbering about five hundred the majority of whom were doing little or nothing in the way of digging for the precious metal claims however were marked out in all directions and the ground leading from the gullies where the richest finds have been got was taken up for a considerable distance i have very little hesitation in stating that two thirds of the people congregated there had never been on a diggings before and seemed to be quite at a loss what to do very few of them had tents to live in or tools to work with and i am afraid that the majority of those had not sufficient money to keep them in food for one week from all that i could glean from miners and others with whom i had an opportunity of speaking respecting the diggings i think it very probable that a permanent gold field will be established at or in the vicinity of gympie creek and if reports which were in circulation when i left the diggings to the effect that several prospecting parties had found gold at different points varying from one to five miles from the township be correct there is little doubt but it will be an extensive gold field and will absorb a large population within a very short period 196 the very rich and productive area which covered only an area of 120 square miles 310 km 2 was officially declared the gympie goldfield in 1868 173 in 1868 the mining shanty town which had quickly grown with tents many small stores and liquor outlets and was known as nashville was also renamed gympie after the gympie creek named from the aboriginal name for a local stinging tree within months there were 25 000 people on the goldfield this was the first large gold rush after canoona in 1858 and gympie became the town that saved queensland from bankruptcy 197 the kilkivan goldfield n w of gympie was also discovered in 1867 with the rush to that area beginning in that same year and as was commonly the case before the goldfield was officially declared in july 1868 173 townsville was opened up in 1868 the gilbert river goldfield 110 km from georgetown in 1869 33 and etheridge georgetown in 1870 198 1868 gawler region south australia gold found about 10 km south east of gawler in south australia in 1868 gold was found by job harris and his partners in spike valley near the south para river this was unsold crown land and was proclaimed an official goldfield with a warden appointed on the second day there were 40 gold seekers 1 000 within a week and within a month 4 000 licensed and 1 000 unlicensed diggers three towns were established nearby with about 6 000 people at their peak 39 alluvial gold was easily recovered when the gold was in high concentration as the alluvial was worked out companies were formed to extract the gold from the ore with crushers and a mercury process by 1870 only 50 people remained although one of the three towns barossa lasted until the 1950s south of the barossa goldfield the lady alice mine in hamlin gully discovered in 1871 by james goddard was the first south australian gold mine to pay a dividend 39 1870 1893 teetulpa and other finds in south australia as settlers took up land north of adelaide so more goldfields were discovered in south australia ulooloo in 1870 waukaringa in 1873 teetulpa in 1886 wadnaminga in 1888 and tarcoola in 1893 39 teetulpa 11 km 6 8 mi north of yunta was a rich goldfield where more gold was found than anywhere else in south australia at that time teetulpa had the largest number of diggers of any field at any time in the history of south australian gold discoveries by the end of 1886 two months into the rush there were more than five thousand men on the field a reporter noted all sorts of people are going from lawyers to larrikins yesterday s train from adelaide brought a contingent of over 150 many arrived in open trucks local ironmongers and drapers were busy fitting out intending diggers with tents picks shovels rugs moleskins etc good mining at teetulpa lasted about ten years for a time it had a bank shops hotel hospital church and a newspaper the largest nugget found weighed 30 oz 850 g 39 199 1871 1904 charters towers palmer river and other finds in queensland see also palmer river palmer river goldfields a significant queensland goldfield was discovered at charters towers on 24 december 1871 by a young 12 year old aboriginal stockman jupiter mosman and soon moved attention to this area 200 201 202 the gold rush which followed has been argued to be the most important in queensland s gold mining history 203 this was a reef mining area with only a small amount of alluvial gold 204 and as a result received negative reviews from miners who wanted easier pickings 205 nevertheless thousands of men rushed to the field and a public battery was set up to crush the quartz ore in 1872 the town of charters towers grew to become the second largest town in queensland during the late 1880s with a population of about 30 000 200 206 in 1872 33 gold was discovered by james mulligan on the palmer river inland from cooktown 207 this turned out to contain queensland s richest alluvial deposits 203 after the rush began in 1873 over 20 000 people made their way to the remote goldfield this was one of the largest rushes experienced in queensland the rush lasted approximately 3 years and attracted a large number of chinese in 1877 over 18 000 of the residents were chinese miners 208 port douglas dates from 1873 and the hodgkinson river west of cairns from 1875 33 the celebrated mount morgan was first worked in 1882 croydon in 1886 the starcke river goldfield near the coast 70 km 43 mi north of cooktown in 1890 coen in 1900 and alice river in 1904 33 1871 1909 pine creek and other finds in the northern territory darwin felt the effects of a gold rush at pine creek after employees of the australian overland telegraph line found gold while digging holes for telegraph poles in 1871 209 there are numerous deposits of the precious metal at various localities in the northern territory the total yield in 1908 being 8 575 ounces 243 1 kg valued at 27 512 equivalent to a 8 400 000 in 2022 of which 1 021 ounces 28 9 kg were obtained at the driffield in june 1909 a rich find of gold was reported from tanami steps are being taken to open up this field by sinking wells to provide permanent water of which there is a great scarcity in the district a large number of chinese are engaged in mining in the territory in 1908 out of a total of 824 miners employed the chinese numbered 674 33 1880 mt mcdonald new south wales donald mcdonald and his party discovered two gold rich quartz reefs at mount mcdonald as they were prospecting the mountain ranges around wyangala this find resulted in the establishment of the township of mt mcdonald by the early 1900s mining declined and the town slowly faded away 155 210 1885 halls creek in the kimberley western australia in 1872 the western australian government offered a reward of 5 000 equivalent to a 1 710 000 in 2022 for the discovery of the colony s first payable goldfield 52 53 ten years later in 1882 small finds of gold were being made in the kimberley region of western australia prompting in 1883 the appointment of a government geologist in 1884 edward hardman government geologist published a report that he had found traces of gold throughout the east kimberley especially in the area around the present day town of halls creek 52 53 on 14 july 1885 having been prompted by hardman s report charles hall and jack slattery 211 found payable gold at what they called halls creek in the kimberleys western australia after working for a few weeks hall returned to derby with 6 2 kg 200 ozt of gold and reported his find 211 once this discovery became known it prompted the kimberley rush the first gold rush in western australia 212 213 it is estimated that as many as 10 000 men joined the rush on 19 may 1886 the kimberley goldfield was officially declared thousands of men made their way to the kimberley from other parts of wa the eastern colonies and new zealand most arrived by ship in derby or wyndham and then walked to halls creek others came overland from the northern territory most had no previous experience in gold prospecting or of life in the bush illness and disease were rife and when the first warden c d price arrived on 3 september 1886 he found that great numbers were stricken down in a dying condition helpless destitute of money food or covering and without mates or friends simply lying down to die a few were lucky enough to locate rich alluvial or reef gold but most had little or no success 53 in the early days of the gold rush no records or statistics were recorded for either the arrivals or deaths also no one knows how many died trying to get to halls creek across the waterless desert or how many simply turned back when men actually arrived at halls creek dysentery scurvy sunstroke and thirst continued to take its toll the ...
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