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dividends some joint ventures consist purely of the transfer of technology to iran by the foreign partner without any capital commitment since iranian authorities are very keen on the introduction of modern technologies this path can prove very constructive in august 2010 the 25 ceiling set for joint venture companies in enjoying facilities from the foreign exchange reserve account has been eliminated 48 industry and mines agriculture transport services such as tourism it and the export of goods and services are the sectors authorized to enjoy the new facilities from the foreign exchange reserve account 49 buy back edit see also fdi in iran s petroleum industry and national iranian oil company abadan petrochemical complex in the 1990s and early 2000s some indirect oilfield development agreements were made with foreign firms buyback contracts in the oil sector for instance were arranged in which the contractor funded all the investments and then received remuneration from the national iranian oil company nioc in the form of an allocated production share then transferred operation of the field to nioc after a set number of years at which time the contract was completed in february 2007 the government unveiled its new buyback contract formula which significantly extended the length of the contracts to as long as 20 years 50 the buy back scheme is a formula used by the iranian government to attract foreign investment following the end of the iran iraq war in 1988 iran faced a major problem it needed foreign investment if it did not want to lose its vital income from the oil and gas industry yet its revolutionary ideology and constitution forbid granting concessions a compromise solution was found in 1989 with the first five year economic social and cultural development plan under note 29 of the said plan the iranian government is allowed to employ buybacks in its effort to meet the industrial and mineral needs in connection with exports production and investment put in laymen terms a buy back transaction is a method of trade where plants machinery production equipment and technology is supplied by a domestic or foreign private firm in exchange for the goods that will be produced directly or indirectly by means of such facilities 44 under this scheme the foreign partner that makes the initial investment can repatriate the return on the investment at a pre agreed fixed rate through goods and services produced by the project citation needed while many foreign companies believe that this method is a mere financing instrument for iran it is more accurate to say that it is a compromise formula for foreign investment in the short run in the medium to long term more appropriate laws and regulations will probably replace the buy back scheme in other words once the constitutional concerns have been dealt with the foreign partners of buy back agreements can take over the projects that they are involved in or they can enter into a joint venture with an iranian partner 44 the iranian or integrated petroleum contract ipc edit some of the main criticisms of the buyback contracts include lack of flexibility of cost recovery and in some cases the nioc s limited expertise to reverse field decline rates in comparison to the international oil company ioc that developed the field the integrated petroleum contract ipc will require the iocs to fulfill iran s local content requirement which will be 51 of the contract and transfer of technology 51 ipcs will be offered for work on somewhere between 34 and 74 oil fields and could last for the duration of a field s life 52 in 2013 iran also announced for the first time since the iranian revolution of 1979 the offering of production sharing contracts pscs for the most complicated and difficult projects such as deep water wells in the caspian sea the details of which will be revealed in december 2015 in london 52 53 54 build operate transfer bot edit see also energy in iran fdi in iran s petrochemicals and transport in iran recent regulations have introduced the build operate transfer bot scheme for iranian projects this is a rather new possibility in the iranian market in this scheme the foreign partner invests in one project which is then operated for a certain period of time by the foreign investor before it is fully transferred to the iranian government iranian authorities are showing some flexibility regarding the bot which could potentially pave the way for more foreign investment in the market 44 free trade zones and special economic zones edit see also taxation in iran s ftzs banking in iran s ftzs and iranian oil bourse iran s trade balance 2000 2007 iran s interest in free zones can be traced back to the 1970s 55 advantages edit free trade ftz and special economic zones sez have been established to provide additional investment incentives such as 20 years tax exemption 15 years before 2014 citation needed no entry visa requirement 100 foreign ownership possible flexible employment regulations flexible monetary banking services extended legal guarantees protection locations edit see also technology parks in iran as of january 2010 there were six free trade zones ftz and 16 special economic zones sez in iran 56 more ftz and sez are planned in iran 57 name authority in charge type location anzali archived 14 august 2010 at the wayback machine free trade zone chabahar free trade zone chabahar kish free trade zone kish island arvand free trade zone khorramshahr aras free trade zone east azerbaijan qeshm free trade zone qeshm island maku free trade zone maku imam khomeini international airport free trade zone tehran bushehr special economic zone bushehr lorestan archived 2 november 2018 at the wayback machine special economic zone sirjan special economic zone sarakhs special economic zone special economic zone sarakhs archived 17 february 2010 at the wayback machine payam archived 7 february 2019 at the wayback machine payam aviation special economic zone karaj salafchegan astan quds razavi special economic zone persian gulf mines and metals national iranian steel company special economic zone persian gulf shipbuilding isoico special economic zone bandar abbas arge e jadid special economic zone pseez nioc special economic zone bushehr petrochemical special economic zone archived 4 july 2017 at the wayback machine nipc petzone special economic zone mahshahr shiraz electric and electronics idro special economic zone shiraz yazd textile industries archived 5 august 2018 at the wayback machine special economic zone yazd bandar amirabad behshahr special economic zone bandar bushehr archived 23 july 2010 at the wayback machine special economic zone bushehr shaheed rajaee shaheed rajaee port authority special economic zone bandar abbas outward fdi edit see also central bank of iran foreign exposure and transactions setad and bonyad iran has made substantial investments abroad the main agencies in charge are the iran foreign investments company fdi and the central bank of iran forex broadly speaking these investments can be categorized as fdi and foreign portfolio investments outward fdi include joint car factories abroad e g syria azerbaijan senegal belarus venezuela various joint petrochemical plants various power plants portfolio investments include national development fund portfolio investments abroad foreign exchange reserves held abroad see also iranian frozen assets partial ownership in daimler benz sold after its merger with chrysler thyssen krupp germany eurodif see also nuclear program of iran shah deniz gas filed in the caspian sea oil and gas field in north sea uk various hotels hospitals and agricultural enterprises mostly in the mena and africa regions skyscraper in manhattan new york seized all embassies and many commercial buildings belonging to the state including banks e g naftiran intertrade in switzerland oil pipelines in the me including in israel see also transport in iran besides iranians citizens and iranian citizens abroad as individuals have made substantial investments in dubai e g real estate trading companies and hold significant portfolio investments in various companies throughout europe china and the united states wealthy iranians companies and state backed buyers will invest up to 8 5 billion in overseas real estate over the next five to 10 years 2016 58 see also edit iran portal business portal economy of iran national development fund iran s sovereign wealth fund asalouyeh iran s outward fdi in oil fields investment promotion agency list of iranian companies privatization in iran tehran stock exchange iran chamber of commerce industries and mines including information on commercial dispute resolution iran international exhibitions company organization of investment economic and technical assistance of iran trade promotion organization of iran government of iran next eleven list of countries having a high potential of becoming the world s largest economies in the 21st century by goldman sachs eu iran forum references edit 1 2 iran ranks 69th out of 139 in global competitiveness archived 8 july 2011 at the wayback machine global competitiveness report world economic forum 2010 retrieved 18 september 2010 iran s competitiveness rank up 7 places wef archived 25 september 2011 at the wayback machine tehran times 9 august 2011 retrieved 18 september 2010 1 2 iran ranks 6th in attracting foreign investments tehran times 2 january 2011 retrieved 23 january 2012 iran attracted 24 3b foreign capital in 16 years archived 29 september 2007 at the wayback machine payvand s iran news iran daily domestic economy 12 07 08 iran daily com archived from the original on 17 august 2009 asa fitch post sanctions iran could be a turkey size win for investors wall street journal 12 march 2014 retrieved 13 march 2014 dean a derosa gary clyde hufbauer normalization of economic relations u s national foreign trade council 21 november 2008 retrieved 30 march 2012 jason rezaian u s investors begin to imagine a return to iran washington post 28 may 2014 retrieved 1 june 2014 1 2 jay solomon 1 july 2014 oil auto companies make plans to invest in iran if sanctions ease the wall street journal retrieved 5 july 2014 iran daily 34b foreign investment in 16 years permanent dead link retrieved 23 july 2010 1 2 foreign investment at record level iran daily 10 april 2007 permanent dead link money magazine iran is open for business archived 27 july 2007 at the wayback machine 1 2 3 foreign investment inflow into iran surpassed 4 billion last year archived from the original on 26 august 2012 retrieved 4 june 2012 middle east iran the world factbook central intelligence agency archived from the original on 10 january 2021 retrieved 11 june 2015 fdi in iran hits new record exceeds 3 6b in 2010 report archived from the original on 18 january 2012 retrieved 4 june 2012 aje al jazeera english retrieved 23 january 2012 archived copy pdf archived from the original pdf on 31 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