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ontains phonetic transcriptions in the international phonetic alphabet ipa for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa for the distinction between and see ipa brackets and transcription delimiters brahmic scripts the brahmi script and its descendants northern brahmic gupta śāradā laṇḍā scripts gurmukhī khojkī khudābādī multānī mahājanī laṅgaṛī bhaṭṭākharī tākri scripts chambeali tākri sirmauri tākri jaunsari tākri mahasu tākri mandeali tākri ḍōgarā sāṁcā scripts pābūcī bhaṭṭākṣarī paṇḍwāṇī candwāṇī bāgoī siddhaṃ nāgarī scripts devanāgarī gujarātī mōḍī gunjala gōṇḍī nandināgarī konkannāgarī kaithī síloṭi nāgarī kāmarūpī ôxômiya traditional gaudi bengali assamese bānglā ôxômiya standard tirhutā oṛiā nepalese scripts prachalit pāchūmōl hiṁmōl kuṁmōl bhujimōl golmōl kveṁmōl litumōl rañjanā soyombo tibetan üchen umê jôyig meitei róng limbu khēmā ʼphags pa zanabazar square marchen marchung pungs chen pungs chung drusha tamyig kalinga bhaikṣukī tocharian southern brahmic bhaṭṭiprōlu box headed script kadaṁba telugu kannada kannaḍa goykānaḍī telugu tamil brahmi vaṭṭeḻuttu koleḻuttŭ malayāṇma pallava tamiḻ grantha tigalari malayalam malayāḷam tigaḷāri thirke dhivēs akuru saurāṣṭra siṁhala khmer khom thai proto tai script sukhothai thai fakkham thai noi lao tai viet dai don lai tay lai pao cham kawi balinese batak buda javanese old sundanese sundanese lontara makasar ulu scripts incung lampung lembak ogan pasemah rejang serawai baybayin buhid hanunoo tagbanwa kulitan mon burmese burmese western pwo karen s gaw karen shan tanchangya lik tai scripts ahom khamti tai le modern mon chakma tai tham new tai lue pyu v t e this article contains indic text without proper rendering support you may see question marks or boxes misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of indic text the laṇḍā scripts from the term laṇḍā meaning without a tail is a punjabi word used to refer to writing systems used in punjab and adjoining areas 2 in sindhi it was known as wāṇiko or baniyañ 3 formerly used to write punjabi by mercantile groups its usage is in decline 4 development edit laṇḍā is a script that evolved from the sharada script during the 10th century it was widely used in the northern and northwestern indian subcontinent in the indus river plain and adjoining areas comprising punjab sindh kashmir and some parts of balochistan and khyber pakhtunkhwa it was used to write languages including punjabi in its various dialects and registers languages of haryana 5 sindhi siraiki balochi kashmiri and pashto the laṇḍā scripts form a typologically distinct group and are closer in norms to its predecessor brāhmī than they are to the nāgarī scripts to the east in their general avoidance of conjunct glyphs or marking of the middle indo aryan geminations distinctive of panjābī while possessing full sets of consonants even separate letters for the common lahndā consonant clusters tr and dr their indication of vowels is less regular they possess three vowel letters to indicate initial ə ɪ ʊ but no letters or signs in other positions thus being alphabetical on the restricted semitic model of ugaritic cuneiform 6 functions edit landa scripts were originally used as mercantile shorthand for commercial purposes in the punjab region and sindh they often lacked the full set of vowel sounds as well as often imperfect correspondence of consonants this made them liable to misreadings frequently recognized by the local population through local proverbs referring to its usefulness only to the original writer various technical improvements would make certain descendant scripts fully suitable for literary use primarily motivated by interest in recording religious scripture particularly in the cases of gurmukhī in punjab and khojkī in sindh 3 variants edit the laṇḍā scripts was first classified by george abraham grierson 7 pandey 2010 further classifies laṇḍā scripts into panjābī and sindhī regional subclasses 8 panjābī gurmukhī bahāwalpurī lamawasī in pindi bhattian and chunian 9 lundas in sialkot and wazirabad 9 multānī also known as kiṛakkī and sarāī parachi in bhera and khushab 9 thul sarika both in derajat uch in massan jhang 9 sindhī named after the various regions communities or occupations with which they were associated aroṛā baniyā bhatiā haidarābādī karadī khudāwādī khwājā khojkī haṭāī haṭavāṇikā laraī lohāṇākī lohāṇā maimon rajaī sakkar shikārpurī sewhanī bhabhira thatta thattai vaniyā wangaī wāṇiko grammarians of the 19th century variously identified as many as six laṇḍā forms used in punjab and as many as twelve in sindh 8 further typological differences used in this subclassification include 8 character repertoire the laṇḍā character sets of the sindhī class possess characters for the implosive consonants of the language character shapes common letters can be identified by subclass depending on shape collation panjābī laṇḍā shares gurmukhī s sorting order starting with vowels then fricatives sa and ha then the 5 5 set of occlusives then sonorants while sindhī laṇḍā follows devanāgarī more closely and orthographic norms panjābī laṇḍā do not use dependent vowel diacritics the approximate vowel letter is written after the consonant letter e g the syllable ki is written with the letter k followed by the letter i after standardization dependent vowel diacritics were introduced into sindhī laṇḍā even within these subclasses the scripts exhibit further differences fully attested edit ephemera in landa scripts punjabi postcard dispatched from jagraon ludhiana written in a laṇḍā script december 1866 postcard from afghanistan written in a laṇḍā script ca 1871 72 page written in a laṇḍā script currently five laṇḍā descended scripts have enough information to be supported in unicode gurmukhī is used for panjābī and sometimes for sindhī originally used in sikh scripture and writings it is the only major laṇḍā descended script in modern day usage 8 it has preserved the distinctive names of letters kakkā khakkhā etc and collation order of laṇḍā vowels fricatives occlusives sonorants 6 in keeping with laṇḍā s proximity to brāhmī it has retained a particularly close resemblance to brāhmī among living scripts 10 helping to foster a distinct sikh culture and contributing to the consolidation of the sikh religion as well as first being a vehicle of sikh religious literature gurmukhi became particularly important in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when the sikhs established political hegemony over punjab and kashmir 7 khojkī also known as caliha akhari or the forty letters 11 an ecclesiastical script of the isma ili khoja community is considered to be a refined version of lohāṇākī originally developed for sindhi it had also been used for punjabi saraiki and gujarati as it spread as well as for arabic and persian shifts in correspondences of letters most commonly included implosive letters for the tenuis consonants and tenuis letters for aspirated stops such shifts was partly because as khojkī spread to languages without sindhī s implosives the corresponding letters lost their original values leading to shifts and ambiguity in usage 12 it remained in general use by the community until the early 20th century as the printing press facilitated its increasing replacement by the gujarati script for ismāʿīlī literature 13 by the 1940s its printing and instruction were confined to its native sindh where it survived until the early 1970s 14 continuing to be taught in community schools 13 until it was superseded by perso arabic 14 standard khudābādī formerly used for sindhī was derived in the 1860s from khudāwādī the script associated with merchant communities of hyderabad sindh the lohāṇā type of which khojkī was very close to 11 being supplemented with characters from shikārpurī it is now obsolete 15 through official government initiative and encouragement it developed into a vehicle for literary expression 7 mahājanī a script previously used for panjābī and mārwāṛī was taught to students from merchant and trading classes for business and was similar to other accounting scripts like sarrāfī of bankers koṭhīvāl and baniauṭī of merchants attested mostly from merchant documents bills of exchange and letters it had five vowel letters a e i o u with the letter for i also used for ī e ai and the letter for u also used for ū o au it had neither a dedicated nasalization diacritic instead using the letter for n nor script specific numerals instead using those of devanāgarī or gujarātī though it does have fraction signs and unit marks nor script specific punctuation besides section marks and abbreviation there are variants of certain letters and generally did not space between words it may not be entirely obsolete 16 multānī former writing system of sarāikī is now obsolete while classed by pandey 2012 in the punjabi subclass it contains implosive characters and clusters similar to those of the sindhi subclass that other punjabi landa scripts lack it had 4 vowel letters a i u e a was used for ā as well i was also used for ī as well as commonly as a semivowel in place of the letter y u was used for ū and o and e for ai as well as o in some sources shifts in sound representation meant that some letters often represented more than one sound most often with tenuis letters used for aspirated stops and implosive letters for tenuis sounds as well as variants of certain letters pandey 2012 proposes an idealized form for encoding with more regular correspondences as well as the usage of gurmukhī numerals for multānī as their numerals are nearly identical 17 comparison of attested characters of laṇḍā descended scripts class script common letters implosives nuqtā gemination iast sa ha ka kha ga gha ṅa ca cha ja jha ña ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa ta tha da dha na pa pha ba bha ma ya ra la va ṛa śa g̠a j̄a ḍ̠a ḇa panjābī gurmukhi ਸ ਹ ਕ ਖ ਗ ਘ ਙ ਚ ਛ ਜ ਝ ਞ ਟ ਠ ਡ ਢ ਣ ਤ ਥ ਦ ਧ ਨ ਪ ਫ ਬ ਭ ਮ ਯ ਰ ਲ ਵ ੜ ਸ਼ ਼ ੱ mahajani 𑅰 𑅱 𑅕 𑅖 𑅗 𑅘 𑅙 𑅚 𑅛 𑅜 𑅝 𑅞 𑅟 𑅠 𑅡 𑅢 𑅣 𑅤 𑅥 𑅦 𑅧 𑅨 𑅩 𑅪 𑅫 𑅬 𑅭 𑅮 𑅯 𑅲 𑅳 multani 𑊥 𑊦 𑊄 𑊅 𑊆 𑊈 𑊊 𑊋 𑊌 𑊏 𑊐 𑊑 𑊒 𑊔 𑊕 𑊖 𑊗 𑊘 𑊙 𑊚 𑊛 𑊜 𑊝 𑊟 𑊠 𑊡 𑊢 𑊣 𑊤 𑊧 𑊥 𑊆 𑊍 𑊓 𑊝 sindhī khojki 𑈩 𑈪 𑈈 𑈉 𑈊 𑈌 𑈍 𑈎 𑈏 𑈐 𑈓 𑈔 𑈕 𑈖 𑈗 𑈘 𑈙 𑈚 𑈛 𑈝 𑈞 𑈟 𑈠 𑈡 𑈣 𑈤 𑈥 𑈦 𑈧 𑈨 𑈩𑈶 𑈋 𑈑 𑈜 𑈢 𑈶 𑈷 khudabadi 𑋝 𑋞 𑊺 𑊻 𑊼 𑊾 𑊿 𑋀 𑋁 𑋂 𑋄 𑋅 𑋆 𑋇 𑋈 𑋋 𑋌 𑋍 𑋎 𑋏 𑋐 𑋑 𑋒 𑋓 𑋔 𑋖 𑋗 𑋘 𑋙 𑋚 𑋛 𑋜 𑊽 𑋃 𑋉 𑋕 𑋩 multānī used the character 𑊥 for both sa and śa and commonly used the characters 𑊆 ga and 𑊝 ba for their implosive counterparts as well 17 both multānī and khojkī commonly used one letter in any given writing for both ja and jha which are anyway rather weakly contrasted phonemes 13 36 at least in the case of khojkī while both scripts each have two characters used interchangeably for both phonemes they were conflated to the extent that the lesser used letters of each while attested are not currently supported in unicode according to pandey it is possible that a distinct letter for jha exists in a style of multani for this reason space has been reserved for jha in the unicode block 17 in both cases the unsupported letter shares a resemblance with gurmukhī ਜ ja while laṇḍā did not have dependent vowel signs several descendent scripts like gurmukhī khojkī and khudābādī have developed them earlier khojkī represented diphthongs in a manner more similar to laṇḍā 13 37 khojkī 𑈂 was typically used for both i and ī 12 comparison of vowels of laṇḍā descended scripts class script independent vowels vowel diacritics iast a ā i ī u ū e ai o au ā i ī u ū e ai o au panjābī gurmukhi ਅ ਆ ਇ ਈ ਉ ਊ ਏ ਐ ਓ ਔ ਾ ਿ ੀ ੁ ੂ ੇ ੈ ੋ ੌ mahajani 𑅐 𑅑 𑅒 𑅓 𑅑 𑅔 𑅒 multani 𑊀 𑊁 𑊂 𑊃 𑊂 sindhī khojki 𑈀 𑈁 𑈂 𑈃 𑈄 𑈅 𑈆 𑈇 𑈬 𑈭 𑈮 𑈯 𑈰 𑈱 𑈲 𑈳 khudabadi 𑊰 𑊱 𑊲 𑊳 𑊴 𑊵 𑊶 𑊷 𑊸 𑊹 𑋠 𑋡 𑋢 𑋣 𑋤 𑋥 𑋦 𑋧 𑋨 these scripts developed further adaptations as necessity arose gurmukhī has developed supplementary and subscript letters to accommodate loansounds and certain consonant clusters respectively mahājanī had the ligature 𑅶 śrī and various accounting signs multānī had the character 𑊨 ṛha and khudābādī had the character 𑋓𑋩 fa khojkī had the characters 𑈫 ḷa and qa as well as conjuncts for kṣa jña tra and dra often borrowing such orthography from easterly scripts 13 37 it also made extensive use of its nuqtā to accommodate the emphatics uvulars and pharyngeals of arabic letters of the unstandardized scripts often had glyphic variants for instance a variant of multānī 𑊗 tha resembles its gurmukhī counterpart ਥ alphabet charts edit śāradā varnamala gurmukhī varnamala khudabadi varnamala khojki varnamala mahajani varnamala multani varnamala other attested similar and related scripts edit punjabi language manuscript of the ekadashi mahatam written in a punjabi variant of sharada script ca 1200 1300 other laṇḍā linked scripts have been documented the ones below do not have enough information to be supported in unicode bhaṭṭākharī also spelt bhaṭ ṭ ākhrī or bhaṭākshrī was used to write the bhat vahi literature and was employed by historical bhatt writers 18 19 it was a family code such as laṇḍā and mahājanī 19 20 and like laṇḍā lacked vowel signs 21 laṅgaṛī historically used by bookkeepers in the haryana region possibly a subtype of mahājanī 22 mundī merchant script used by marwari and gujarati businessmen and bookkeepers for recording accounts and correspondences 23 its name derives from the hindi term mundā denoting bare headedness referring to its lack of śirorekhā or top line characteristic of many abugidas of the area 24 landi mundi historically used to record information bahi genealogical registers such as at haridwar 25 scripts classified as laṇḍā in the nineteenth century have been attested further east including mudia in awadh garhwal and towns in the north western provinces and bisati laṇḍā by muslim traders in the north western provinces 9 references edit shackle 2007 p 594 these scripts are alphabetical on the restricted semitic model of ugaritic cuneiform 中西 亮 nakanishi akira 1980 01 01 writing systems of the world alphabets syllabaries pictograms rutland vt tokyo japan c e tuttle co pp 50 51 isbn 0804812934 1 2 pollock sheldon raghunathan arvind 2003 literary cultures in history reconstructions from south asia university of california press p 623 isbn 9780520228214 mahapatra b p padmanabha p mcconnell g d verma v s 1989 pendjabi in kloss heinz mcconnell grant d eds the written languages of the world a survey of the degree and modes of use volume ii india book 1 constitutional languages laval university press p 437 isbn 9782763771861 india census commissioner 1902 census of india 1901 census of india 17 1 government central press 266 267 landa literally the docked or tailless script is taught by padhas in a sort of nursery rhyme of which the following is the rohtak version 1 2 shackle christopher 2007 writing systems of the indo aryan languages in cardona george jain dhanesh eds the indo aryan languages routledge pp 594 595 isbn 978 1 135 79711 9 1 2 3 asani ali a 1987 the khojkī script a legacy of ismaili islam in the indo pakistan subcontinent journal of the american oriental society 107 3 440 441 jstor 603464 1 2 3 4 pandey anshuman 2010 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