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italian puppet state co signed the tripartite pact the ndh remained a member of the axis until the end of second world war its forces fighting for germany even after its territory had been overrun by yugoslav partisans on 16 april 1941 ante pavelić a croatian nationalist and one of the founders of the ustaše croatian liberation movement was proclaimed poglavnik leader of the new regime initially the ustaše had been heavily influenced by italy they were actively supported by mussolini s national fascist party regime in italy which gave the movement training grounds to prepare for war against yugoslavia as well as accepting pavelić as an exile and allowing him to reside in rome in 1941 during the italian invasion of greece mussolini requested that germany invade yugoslavia to save the italian forces in greece hitler reluctantly agreed yugoslavia was invaded and the ndh was created pavelić led a delegation to rome and offered the crown of the ndh to an italian prince of the house of savoy who was crowned tomislav ii the next day pavelić signed the contracts of rome with mussolini ceding dalmatia to italy and fixing the permanent borders between the ndh and italy italian armed forces were allowed to control all of the coastline of the ndh effectively giving italy total control of the adriatic coastline when the king of italy ousted mussolini from power and italy capitulated the ndh became completely under german influence the platform of the ustaše movement proclaimed that croatians had been oppressed by the serb dominated kingdom of yugoslavia and that croatians deserved to have an independent nation after years of domination by foreign empires the ustaše perceived serbs to be racially inferior to croats and saw them as infiltrators who were occupying croatian lands they saw the extermination and expulsion or deportation of serbs as necessary to racially purify croatia while part of yugoslavia many croatian nationalists violently opposed the serb dominated yugoslav monarchy and assassinated alexander i of yugoslavia together with the internal macedonian revolutionary organization ustashe forces fought against communist yugoslav partisan guerrilla throughout the war the ustaše regime lacked general support among croats and never accrued any significant support among the populace 114 115 the ustaše regime was backed by parts of the croat population that during the interwar period had felt oppressed in the serb led yugoslavia most of the support it had initially gained by creating a croatian national state was lost because of the brutal practices it used 116 upon coming to power pavelić formed the croatian home guard hrvatsko domobranstvo as the official military force of the ndh originally authorized at 16 000 men it grew to a peak fighting force of 130 000 the croatian home guard included an air force and navy although its navy was restricted in size by the contracts of rome in addition to the croatian home guard pavelić was also the supreme commander of the ustaše militia although all ndh military units were generally under the command of the german or italian formations in their area of operations the ustaše government declared war on the soviet union signed the anti comintern pact of 1941 and sent troops to germany s eastern front ustaše militia were garrisoned in the balkans battling the communist partisans the ustaše government applied racial laws on serbs jews and romani people as well as targeting those opposed to the fascist regime and after june 1941 deported them to the jasenovac concentration camp or to nazi concentration camps in poland the racial laws were enforced by the ustaše militia the exact number of victims of the ustaše regime is uncertain due to the destruction of documents and varying numbers given by historians according to the united states holocaust memorial museum in washington d c between 320 000 and 340 000 serbs were killed in the ndh 117 yugoslavia two day membership main articles yugoslav accession to the tripartite pact yugoslav coup d état and invasion of yugoslavia yugoslavia was largely surrounded by members of the pact and now bordered the german reich from late 1940 hitler sought a non aggression pact with yugoslavia in february 1941 hitler called for yugoslavia s accession to the tripartite pact but the yugoslav government delayed in march divisions of the german army arrived at the bulgarian yugoslav border and permission was sought for them to pass through to attack greece on 25 march 1941 fearing that yugoslavia would be invaded otherwise the yugoslav government signed the tripartite pact with significant reservations unlike other axis powers yugoslavia was not obliged to provide military assistance nor to provide its territory for axis to move military forces during the war less than two days later after demonstrations in the streets of belgrade prince paul and the government were removed from office by a coup d état seventeen year old king peter was declared to be of age the new yugoslav government under general dušan simović refused to ratify yugoslavia s signing of the tripartite pact and started negotiations with great britain and soviet union winston churchill commented that yugoslavia has found its soul however hitler invaded and quickly took control citation needed anti comintern pact signatories some countries signed the anti comintern pact but not the tripartite pact as such their adherence to the axis may have been less than that of tripartite pact signatories some of these states were officially at war with members of the allied powers others remained neutral in the war and sent only volunteers signing the anti comintern pact was seen as a litmus test of loyalty by the nazi leadership 118 china reorganized national government of china main article wang jingwei regime during the second sino japanese war japan advanced from its bases in manchuria to occupy much of east and central china several japanese puppet states were organized in areas occupied by the imperial japanese armed forces including the provisional government of the republic of china at beijing which was formed in 1937 and the reformed government of the republic of china at nanjing which was formed in 1938 these governments were merged into the reorganized national government of china at nanjing on 29 march 1940 wang jingwei became head of state the government was to be run along the same lines as the nationalist regime and adopted its symbols the nanjing government had no real power its main role was to act as a propaganda tool for the japanese the nanjing government concluded agreements with japan and manchukuo authorising japanese occupation of china and recognising the independence of manchukuo under japanese protection the nanjing government signed the anti comintern pact of 1941 and declared war on the united states and the united kingdom on 9 january 1943 the government had a strained relationship with the japanese from the beginning wang s insistence on his regime being the true nationalist government of china and in replicating all the symbols of the kuomintang led to frequent conflicts with the japanese the most prominent being the issue of the regime s flag which was identical to that of the republic of china the worsening situation for japan from 1943 onwards meant that the nanjing army was given a more substantial role in the defence of occupied china than the japanese had initially envisaged the army was almost continuously employed against the communist new fourth army wang jingwei died on 10 november 1944 and was succeeded by his deputy chen gongbo chen had little influence the real power behind the regime was zhou fohai the mayor of shanghai wang s death dispelled what little legitimacy the regime had on 9 september 1945 following the defeat of japan the area was surrendered to general he yingqin a nationalist general loyal to chiang kai shek chen gongbo was tried and executed in 1946 denmark main article denmark in world war ii members of free corps denmark leaving for the eastern front from hellerup railway station in copenhagen 1941 denmark was occupied by germany after april 1940 and never joined the axis on 31 may 1939 denmark and germany signed a treaty of non aggression which did not contain any military obligations for either party 119 on april 9 germany attacked scandinavia and the speed of the german invasion of denmark prevented king christian x and the danish government from going into exile they had to accept protection by the reich and the stationing of german forces in exchange for nominal independence denmark coordinated its foreign policy with germany extending diplomatic recognition to axis collaborator and puppet regimes and breaking diplomatic relations with the allied governments in exile denmark broke diplomatic relations with the soviet union and signed the anti comintern pact in 1941 120 however the united states and britain ignored denmark and worked with henrik kauffmann denmark s ambassador in the us when it came to dealings about using iceland greenland and the danish merchant fleet against germany 121 122 in 1941 danish nazis set up the frikorps danmark thousands of volunteers fought and many died as part of the german army on the eastern front denmark sold agricultural and industrial products to germany and made loans for armaments and fortifications the german presence in denmark included the construction of part of the atlantic wall fortifications which denmark paid for and was never reimbursed the danish protectorate government lasted until 29 august 1943 when the cabinet resigned after the regularly scheduled and largely free election concluding the folketing s current term the germans imposed martial law following operation safari and danish collaboration continued on an administrative level with the danish bureaucracy functioning under german command the royal danish navy scuttled 32 of its larger ships germany seized 64 ships and later raised and refitted 15 of the sunken vessels 123 124 13 warships escaped to sweden and formed a danish naval flotilla in exile sweden allowed formation of a danish military brigade in exile it did not see combat 125 the danish resistance movement was active in sabotage and issuing underground newspapers and blacklists of collaborators 126 finland main article finland in world war ii the visit of german italian japanese hungarian and romanian military delegates in the uhtua sector of the front on 5 april 1943 although finland never signed the tripartite pact it fought against the soviet union alongside germany in the 1941 44 continuation war during which the official position of the wartime finnish government was that finland was a co belligerent of the germans whom they described as brothers in arms 127 finland did sign the revived anti comintern pact of november 1941 128 finland signed a peace treaty with the allied powers in 1947 which described finland as having been an ally of hitlerite germany during the continuation war 129 as such finland was the only democracy to join the axis 130 131 finland s relative independence from germany put it in the most advantageous position of all the minor axis powers 132 finland was unusual in the axis in its relative lack of participation in the holocaust and its lack of a fascist regime 133 whilst finland s relationship with nazi germany during the continuation war remains controversial within finland 134 in a 2008 helsingin sanomat survey of 28 finnish historians 16 agreed that finland had been an ally of nazi germany with only 6 disagreeing 135 the august 1939 molotov ribbentrop pact between germany and the soviet union contained a secret protocol dividing much of eastern europe and assigning finland to the soviet sphere of influence 56 136 after unsuccessfully attempting to force territorial and other concessions on the finns the soviet union invaded finland in november 1939 launching the winter war intending to establish a communist puppet government in finland 137 138 the conflict threatened germany s iron ore supplies and offered the prospect of allied interference in the region 139 despite finnish resistance a peace treaty was signed in march 1940 wherein finland ceded some key territory to the soviet union including the karelian isthmus containing finland s second largest city viipuri and the critical defensive structure of the mannerheim line after this war finland sought protection and support from the united kingdom 140 141 and non aligned sweden 142 but was thwarted by soviet and german actions this resulted in finland being drawn closer to germany first with the intent of enlisting german support as a counterweight to thwart continuing soviet pressure and later to help regain lost territories in the opening days of operation barbarossa germany s invasion of the soviet union finland permitted german planes returning from mine dropping runs over kronstadt and neva river to refuel at finnish airfields before returning to bases in east prussia in retaliation the soviet union launched a major air offensive against finnish air force bases and towns which resulted in a finnish declaration of war against the soviet union on 25 june 1941 the finnish conflict with the soviet union is generally referred to as the continuation war mannerheim with hitler finland s main objective was to regain territory lost to the soviet union in the winter war however on 10 july 1941 field marshal carl gustaf emil mannerheim issued an order of the day that contained a formulation understood internationally as a finnish territorial interest in russian karelia diplomatic relations between the united kingdom and finland were severed on 1 august 1941 after the british royal air force bombed german forces in the finnish village and port of petsamo the united kingdom repeatedly called on finland to cease its offensive against the soviet union and declared war on finland on 6 december 1941 although no other military operations followed war was never declared between finland and the united states though relations were severed between the two countries in 1944 as a result of the ryti ribbentrop agreement finnish troops passing by the remains of a destroyed soviet t 34 at the battle of tali ihantala finland maintained command of its armed forces and pursued war objectives independently of germany germans and finns did work closely together during operation silver fox a joint offensive against murmansk finland took part in the siege of leningrad finland was one of germany s most important allies in its war with the ussr 118 the relationship between finland and germany was also affected by the ryti ribbentrop agreement which was presented as a german condition for help with munitions and air support as the soviet offensive coordinated with d day threatened finland with complete occupation the agreement signed by president risto ryti but never ratified by the finnish parliament bound finland not to seek ...
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