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cursive semi cursive regular flat brush modern typefaces fangsong ming hei properties and classification components strokes order radicals orthography jiu zixing xin zixing digital encoding collation and standards kangxi dictionary forms 1716 commonly used characters prc 2013 commonly used characters hong kong 2007 nan min recommended characters taiwan 2009 standard form of national characters taiwan 1982 jōyō kanji japan 2010 reforms simplified characters second round traditional characters debate japanese script reform kyūjitai homographs and readings literary and colloquial readings kanbun idu variants zetian characters derived systems kana man yōgana hiragana katakana jurchen script khitan large small nüshu bopomofo slavonic transcription transliteration of chinese v t e nomenclature edit in chinese simplified characters are referred to by their official name 简化字 jiǎnhuàzì or colloquially as 简体字 jiǎntǐzì ⓘ the latter term refers broadly to all character variants featuring simplifications of character form or structure note 1 a practice which has always been present as a part of the chinese writing system the official name tends to refer to the specific systematic set published by the chinese government which includes not only simplifications of individual characters but also a substantial reduction in the total number of characters through the merger of formerly distinct forms 4 history edit background edit see also variant chinese characters according to chinese palaeographer qiu xigui the broadest trend in the evolution of chinese characters over their history has been simplification both in graphical shape 字形 zìxíng the external appearances of individual graphs and in graphical form 字体 字體 zìtǐ overall changes in the distinguishing features of graphic al shape and calligraphic style in most cases refer ring to rather obvious and rather substantial changes 5 the initiatives following the founding of the qin dynasty 221 206 bc to universalize the use of their small seal script across the recently conquered parts of the empire is generally seen as being the first real attempt at script reform in chinese history before the 20th century variation in character shape on the part of scribes which would continue with the later invention of woodblock printing was ubiquitous for example prior to the qin dynasty 221 206 bc the character meaning bright was written as either 明 or 朙 with either 日 sun or 囧 window on the left with the 月 moon component on the right li si d 208 bc the chancellor of qin attempted to universalize the qin small seal script across china following the wars that had politically unified the country for the first time li prescribed the 朙 form of the character for bright but some scribes ignored this and continued to write the character as 明 however the increased usage of 朙 was followed by proliferation of a third variant 眀 with 目 eye on the left likely derived as a contraction of 朙 ultimately 明 became the character s standard form 6 the book of han 111 ad describes an earlier attempt made by king xuan of zhou d 782 bc to unify character forms across the states of ancient china with his chief chronicler having written fifteen chapters describing what is referred to as the big seal script the traditional narrative as also attested in the shuowen jiezi dictionary c 100 ad is that the qin small seal script that would later be imposed across china was originally derived from the zhou big seal script with few modifications however the body of epigraphic evidence comparing the character forms used by scribes gives no indication of any real consolidation in character forms prior to the founding of the qin 7 the han dynasty 202 bc 220 ad that inherited the qin administration coincided with the perfection of clerical script through the process of libian late qing literature and republican era reform 1850 1949 edit new culture movement background aftermath of the 1911 revolution second revolution coronation of yuan shikai national protection war manchu restoration constitutional protection movement warlord era eastward spread of western learning scientific revolution boxer indemnity scholarship french revolution russian revolution may fourth movement ideologies democracy science scientism anti confucianism social darwinism anarchism modernism liberalism socialism communism new humanism practice westernization east west cultural debate total westernization democratization simplification of chinese characters romanization of chinese languages writing with vernacular chinese national language movement translation of foreign literature sorting out national heritages feminist movement education reforms schools of thought doubting antiquity school xueheng school chinese communist party creation society new confucianism crescent moon society league of left wing writers major publications new youth the critical review a madman s diary the tiger notable people ba jin chen duxiu guo moruo hu shih lao she li dazhao lu xun mao dun qian xuantong shen congwen yu dafu zhu ziqing kang youwei v t e excerpt of initial 1935 simplifications promulgated by the republic of china ministry of education in 1935 later retracted in 1936 though most closely associated with the people s republic the idea of a mass simplification of character forms first gained traction in china during the early 20th century in 1909 the educator and linguist lufei kui formally proposed the use of simplified characters in education for the first time over the following years marked by the 1911 xinhai revolution that toppled the qing dynasty followed by growing social and political discontent that further erupted into the 1919 may fourth movement many anti imperialist intellectuals throughout china began to see the country s writing system as a serious impediment to its modernization in 1916 a multi part english language article entitled the problem of the chinese language co authored by the chinese linguist yuen ren chao 1892 1982 and poet hu shih 1891 1962 has been identified as a turning point in the history of the chinese script as it was one of the first clear calls for china to move away from the use of characters entirely 8 instead chao proposed that the language be written with an alphabet which he saw as more logical and efficient the alphabetization and simplification campaigns would exist alongside one another among the republican intelligentsia for the next several decades 9 recent commentators have echoed some contemporary claims that chinese characters were blamed for the economic problems in china during that time 10 lu xun one of the most prominent chinese authors of the 20th century stated that if chinese characters are not destroyed then china will die 漢字不滅 中國必亡 during the 1930s and 1940s discussions regarding simplification took place within the ruling kuomintang kmt party many members of the chinese intelligentsia maintained that simplification would increase literacy rates throughout the country in 1935 the republic of china ministry of education published the first official list of simplified forms consisting of 324 characters collated by peking university professor qian xuantong however fierce opposition within the kmt resulted in the list being rescinded in 1936 11 first round of simplification 1949 1977 edit work throughout the 1950s resulted in the 1956 promulgation of the chinese character simplification scheme a draft of 515 simplified characters and 54 simplified components whose simplifications would be present in most compound characters over the following decade the script reform committee deliberated on characters in the 1956 scheme collecting public input regarding the recognizability of variants and often approving forms in small batches parallel to simplification there were also initiatives aimed at eliminating the use of characters entirely and replacing them with pinyin as an official chinese alphabet but this possibility was abandoned confirmed by a speech given by zhou enlai in 1958 12 in 1965 the prc published the 13 hereafter characters for printing which included standard printed forms for 6196 characters including all of the forms from the 1956 scheme 14 second round of simplification 1977 1986 edit main article second round of simplified chinese characters a second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977 but was poorly received by the public and quickly fell out of official use it was ultimately formally rescinded in 1986 15 the second round simplifications were unpopular in large part because most of the forms were completely new in contrast to the familiar variants comprising the majority of the first round 16 with the rescission of the second round work toward further character simplification largely came to an end 17 since 1986 edit in 1986 authorities retracted the second round completely though they had been largely fallen out of use within a year of their initial introduction that year the authorities also promulgated a final version of the general list of simplified chinese characters it was identical to the 1964 list save for 6 changes including the restoration of 3 characters that had been simplified in the first round 叠 覆 像 the form 疊 is used instead of 叠 in regions using traditional characters the chinese government stated that it wished to keep chinese orthography stable the chart of generally utilized characters of modern chinese was published in 1988 and included 7000 simplified and unsimplified characters of these half were also included in the revised list of commonly used characters in modern chinese which specified 2500 common characters and 1000 less common characters 18 in 2009 the chinese government published a major revision to the list which included a total of 8300 characters no new simplifications were introduced in addition slight modifications to the orthography of 44 characters to fit traditional calligraphic rules were initially proposed but were not implemented due to negative public response 19 also the practice of unrestricted simplification of rare and archaic characters by analogy using simplified radicals or components is now discouraged a state language commission official cited oversimplification as the reason for restoring some characters the language authority declared an open comment period until 31 august 2009 for feedback from the public 20 in 2013 the list of commonly used standard chinese characters was published as a revision of the 1988 lists it included a total of 8105 characters 21 22 it included 45 newly recognized standard characters that were previously considered variant forms as well as official approval of 226 characters that had been simplified by analogy and had seen wide use but were not explicitly given in previous lists or documents outside mainland china edit singapore underwent three successive rounds of character simplification eventually arriving at the same set of simplified characters as mainland china 23 the first round was promulgated by the ministry of education in 1969 consisting of 498 simplified characters derived from 502 traditional characters a second round of 2287 simplified characters was promulgated in 1974 the second set contained 49 differences from the mainland china system these were removed in the final round in 1976 in 1993 singapore adopted the 1986 mainland china revisions unlike in mainland china singapore parents have the option of registering their children s names in traditional characters malaysia also promulgated a set of simplified characters in 1981 though completely identical to the mainland chinese set they are used in chinese language schools methodology edit this section may be in need of reorganization to comply with wikipedia s layout guidelines please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure june 2024 learn how and when to remove this message structural simplification edit all characters simplified this way are enumerated in charts 1 and 2 of the 1986 general list of simplified chinese characters hereafter the general list chart 1 lists all 350 characters that are used by themselves and can never serve as simplified character components chart 2 lists 132 characters that are used by themselves as well as utilized as simplified character components to further derive other simplified characters chart 2 also lists 14 components or radicals that cannot be used by themselves but can be generalized for derivation of more complex characters derivation based on simplified components edit chart 3 of the general list includes 1753 characters which are simplified based on the same simplification principles used for components and radicals in chart 2 this list is non exhaustive so if a character is not already found in charts 1 3 but can be simplified in accordance with chart 2 the character should be simplified elimination of variants edit series one organization list of variant characters zh accounts for some of the orthography differences in mainland china versus in hong kong and taiwan these are not simplifications of character structures but rather reduction in number of total standard characters for each set of variants with identical pronunciation and meaning one character usually the simplest is elevated to the standard character set and the rest are obsoleted by 1993 1027 variants were declared obsolete by this list among the chosen variants those that appear in the 1986 complete list are also simplified in character structure accordingly novel forms edit new standardized character forms originated from the 1965 characters for printing list containing 6196 characters these tend to be vulgar variant forms for most of its characters the 1988 list of commonly used characters in modern chinese hereafter common modern characters contains 7000 characters and replaces the 1965 list since the new forms take vulgar variants many characters now appear slightly simpler compared to old forms and as such are often mistaken as being structurally simplified structural simplification edit all characters simplified this way are enumerated in chart 1 and chart 2 in the 1986 complete list characters in both charts are structurally simplified based on similar set of principles they are separated into two charts to clearly mark those in chart 2 as usable as simplified character components based on which chart 3 is derived merging homophonous characters 蒙 懞 濛 矇 蒙 復 複 复 乾 幹 干 髮 發 发 adapting cursive shapes 草書楷化 書 书 長 长 當 当 韋 韦 樂 乐 車 车 興 兴 發 发 東 东 專 专 過 过 報 报 爾 尔 盡 尽 學 学 replacing a component with a simple arbitrary symbol such as 又 and 乂 對 对 觀 观 僅 仅 難 难 鳳 凤 這 这 劉 刘 omitting entire components 廠 厂 廣 广 飛 飞 習 习 滅 灭 親 亲 業 业 鄉 乡 餘 余 氣 气 omitting components then applying further alterations 婦 妇 麗 丽 歸 归 顯 显 務 务 structural changes that preserve the basic shape 繼 继 龜 龟 齒 齿 奪 夺 門 门 見 见 replacing the phonetic component of phono semantic compounds 鄰 邻 斃 毙 蠟 蜡 鍾 钟 艦 舰 replacing an uncommon phonetic component...
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