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archive org web 20221020071707 https en wikipedia org wiki file_manager file manager from wikipedia the free encyclopedia jump to navigation jump to search computer program that provides a user interface to work with file systems file manager redirects here not to be confused with windows file manager file browser redirects here not to be confused with file viewer this article needs additional citations for verification please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources file manager news newspapers books scholar jstor september 2021 learn how and when to remove this template message a file manager or file browser is a computer program that provides a user interface to manage files and folders the most common operations performed on files or groups of files include creating opening e g viewing playing editing or printing renaming copying moving deleting and searching for files as well as modifying file attributes properties and file permissions folders and files may be displayed in a hierarchical tree based on their directory structure contents 1 features 1 1 file transfer 1 2 user interface 1 3 networking 2 directory editors 3 file list file manager 4 orthodox file managers 4 1 features 4 1 1 tabbed panels 4 1 2 portability 4 1 3 dual pane managers 5 navigational file manager 5 1 concepts 6 spatial file manager 7 3d file managers 8 web based file managers 9 file picker 10 see also 11 references 12 external links features edit file transfer edit graphical file managers may support copying and moving of files through copy and paste and cut and paste respectively as well as through drag and drop and a separate menu for selecting the target path 1 while transferring files a file manager may show the source and destination direcotires transfer progress in percentage and or size progress bar name of the file currently being transferred remaining and or total number of files numerical transfer rate and graphical transfer rate the ability to pause the file transfer allows temporarily granting other software full sequential read access while allowing to resume later without having to restart the file transfer 2 some file managers move multiple files by copying and deleting each selected file from the source individually while others first copy all selected files then delete them from the source afterwards as described in computer file moving methods conflicting file names in a target directory may be handled through renaming overwriting or skipping renaming is typically numerical overwriting may be conditional such as when the source file is newer or differs in size 3 files could technically be compared with checksums but that would require reading through the entire source and target files which would slow down the process significantly on larger files user interface edit some file managers contain features analogous to web browsers including forward and back navigational buttons an address bar tabs and a bookmark side bar networking edit some file managers provide network connectivity via protocols such as ftp http nfs smb or webdav this is achieved by allowing the user to browse for a file server connecting and accessing the server s file system like a local file system or by providing its own full client implementations for file server protocols directory editors edit a term that predates citation needed the usage of file manager is directory editor an early directory editor dired was developed circa 1974 at the stanford artificial intelligence laboratory by stan kugell 4 5 a directory editor was written for exec 8 at the university of maryland and was available to other users at that time the term was used by other developers including jay lepreau who wrote the dired program in 1980 6 which ran on bsd this was in turn inspired by an older program with the same name running on tops 20 dired inspired other programs including dired the editor script for emacs and similar editors and ded 7 file list file manager edit the alto neptune file manager program file list file managers are lesser known and older than orthodox file managers one such file manager was neptune it ran on the xerox alto in the 1973 1974 time frame it had some of the same features that would end up in orthodox file managers another such file manager is flist which was introduced sometime before 1980 on the conversational monitor system 8 9 10 this is a variant of fulist which originated before late 1978 according to comments by its author theo alkema 11 the flist program provided a list of files in the user s minidisk 12 and allowed sorting by any file attribute the file attributes could be passed to scripts or function key definitions making it simple to use flist as part of cms exec exec 2 or xedit scripts this program ran only on ibm vm sp cms but was the inspiration for other programs including filelist 13 14 15 a script run via the xedit editor and programs running on other operating systems including a program also called flist which ran on openvms 16 and fulist from the name of the corresponding internal ibm program 17 which runs on unix 18 orthodox file managers edit midnight commander an orthodox file manager with a text based user interface orthodox file managers sometimes abbreviated to ofm or command based file managers are text menu based file managers that commonly have three windows two panels and one command line window orthodox file managers are one of the longest running families of file managers preceding graphical user interface based types developers create applications that duplicate and extend the manager that was introduced by pathminder and john socha s norton commander for dos citation needed the concept dates to the mid 1980s pathminder was released in 1984 and norton commander version 1 0 was released in 1986 despite the age of this concept file managers based on norton commander are actively developed and dozens of implementations exist for dos unix and microsoft windows nikolai bezroukov publishes his own set of criteria for an ofm standard version 1 2 dated june 1997 19 features edit an orthodox file manager typically has three windows two of the windows are called panels and are positioned symmetrically at the top of the screen the third is the command line which is essentially a minimized command shell window that can be expanded to full screen only one of the panels is active at a given time the active panel contains the file cursor panels are resizable and can be hidden files in the active panel serve as the source of file operations performed by the manager for example files can be copied or moved from the active panel to the location represented in the passive panel this scheme is most effective for systems in which the keyboard is the primary or sole input device the active panel shows information about the current working directory and the files that it contains the passive inactive panel shows the content of the same or another directory the default target for file operations users may customize the display of columns that show relevant file information the active panel and passive panel can be switched often by pressing the tab key the following features describe the class of orthodox file managers they present the user with a two panel directory view with a command line below either panel may be selected to be active the other becomes passive the active panel becomes the working area for delete and rename operations while the passive panel serves as a target for copy and move operations panels may be shrunk exposing the terminal window hidden behind them normally only the last line of the terminal window the command line is visible they provide close integration with an underlying os shell via command line using the associated terminal window that permits viewing the results of executing shell commands entered on the command line e g via ctrl o shortcut in norton commander they provide the user with extensive keyboard shortcuts the file manager frees the user from having to use the mouse users can create their own file associations and scripts that are invoked for certain file types and organize these scripts into a hierarchical tree e g as a user script library or user menu citation needed users can extend the functionality of the manager via a so called user menu or start menu and extensions menu other common features include information on the active and passive panels may be used for constructing commands on the command line examples include current file path to left panel path to right panel etc they provide a built in viewer for at least the most basic file types they have a built in editor in many cases the editor can extract certain elements of the panels into the text being edited many support virtual file systems vfs such as viewing compressed archives or working with files via an ftp connection they often have the word commander in the name after norton commander path shows the source destination location of the directory in use information about directory size disk usage and disk name usually at the bottom of the panels panel with information about file name extension date and time of creation last modification and permissions attributes info panel with the number of files in directory and the sum of the sizes of selected files tabbed interface usually in gui file managers function keys f1 f10 have all the same functions under all orthodox file managers examples f5 always copies file s from the active to the inactive panel while f6 moves the file tabbed panels edit the introduction of tabbed panels in some file managers for example total commander made it possible to manipulate more than one active and passive directory at a time portability edit orthodox file managers 20 are among the most portable file managers examples are available on almost any platform with both command line and graphical interfaces this is unusual among command line managers in that something purporting to be a standard for the interface is published they are also actively supported by developers this makes it possible to do the same work on different platforms without much relearning of the interface dual pane managers edit sometimes they are called dual pane managers a term that is typically used for programs such as the windows file explorer see below but they have three panes including a command line pane below or hidden behind two symmetric panes furthermore most of these programs allow using just one of the two larger panes with the second hidden some also add an item to the context menu in windows to open two explorers side by side notable ones include altap salamander commander one demos commander directory opus dos navigator dn and derivatives double commander emelfm2 far manager file commander fman forklift gnome commander krusader midnight commander mc mucommander norton commander nc pathminder ranger se explorer total commander volkov commander vc winscp xtree ztreewin navigational file manager edit file manager in windows 10 displaying the contents of partition x nemo a navigational file manager is a newer type of file manager since the advent of guis it has become the dominant type of file manager for desktop computers 21 better source needed typically it has two panes with the filesystem tree in the left pane and the contents of the current directory in the right pane for macos the miller columns view in finder originating in nextstep is a variation on the navigational file manager theme dubious discuss the miller column browser from gnustep is a type of navigational file manager concepts edit the window displays the location currently being viewed the location being viewed the current directory can be changed by the user by opening directories pressing a back button typing a location or using the additional pane with the navigation tree representing all or part of the filesystem icons represent files programs and directories the interface in a navigational file manager often resembles a web browser complete with back and forward buttons and often reload buttons most also contain an address bar into which the file or directory path or uri can be typed most navigational file managers have two panes the left pane being a tree view of the filesystem this means that unlike orthodox file managers the two panes are asymmetrical in their content and use selecting a directory in the navigation pane on the left designates it as the current directory displaying its contents in the contents pane on the right however expanding or collapsing a portion of the tree without selecting a directory will not alter the contents of the right pane the exception to this behavior applies when collapsing a parent of the current directory in which case the selection is refocused on the collapsed parent directory thus altering the list in the contents pane the process of moving from one location to another need not open a new window several instances of the file manager can be opened simultaneously and communicate with each other via drag and drop and clipboard operations so it is possible to view several directories simultaneously and perform cut and paste operations between instances file operations are based on drag and drop and editor metaphors users can select and copy files or directories onto the clipboard and then paste them in a different place in the filesystem or even in a different instance of the file manager notable examples of navigational file managers include directory opus dolphin in kde dos shell in ms dos pc dos file manager in windows macos finder nautilus in gnome default since v2 30 file explorer windows explorer pc shell in pc tools viewmax in dr dos xtree ztreewin spatial file manager edit the nautilus file manager had a spatial mode which was removed with the arrival of gnome and with it nautilus version 3 x each of these windows displays an open directory spatial file managers use a spatial metaphor to represent files and directories as if they were actual physical objects a spatial file manager imitates the way people interact with physical objects some ideas behind the concept of a spatial file manager are a single window represents each opened directory each window is unambiguously and irrevocably tied to a particular directory stability files directories and windows go where the user moves them stay where the user puts them preserve their spatial state and retain all their other physical characteristics such as size shape color and location the same item can only be viewed in one window at a time as in navigational file managers when a directory is opened the icon representing the directory changes perhaps from an image showing a closed drawer to an opened one perhaps the directory s icon turns into a silhouette filled with a pattern and a new window is opened to represent that directory examples of file managers that use a...
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