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ch search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 theory toggle theory subsection 1 1 theories of citizenship 2 history 3 citizen journalists 4 citizen journalism in a worldwide context toggle citizen journalism in a worldwide context subsection 4 1 india 4 2 iraq 4 3 united kingdom 4 4 united states 4 5 china 4 6 iran 5 criticisms toggle criticisms subsection 5 1 objectivity 5 2 quality 5 3 effects on traditional journalism 5 4 legal repercussions 6 possible future toggle possible future subsection 6 1 current instances of citizen journalism 7 see also 8 references 9 external links toggle the table of contents citizen journalism 39 languages العربية azərbaycanca বাংলা català čeština чӑвашла dansk deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français עברית հայերեն bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 qaraqalpaqsha қазақша 한국어 bahasa melayu nederlands norsk bokmål polski português română русский සිංහල српски srpski svenska тоҷикӣ türkçe українська اردو 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia journalism genre for journalism done for the common good see civic journalism this article needs to be updated please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information january 2022 wikimania 2007 citizen journalism unconference journalism news article headline byline dateline report special report exclusive interview column editorial op ed writing style five ws inverted pyramid index of journalism articles beats arts business data entertainment environment fashion local medicine music politics science sports technology traffic video games war weather world genres adversarial advocacy interventionism analytic blogging citizen civic collaborative comics based community database enterprise explanatory feature story gonzo human interest immersion infotainment soft media interpretive investigative long form narrative new journalism opinion peace sensor underground visual watchdog ethics and standards broadcast chequebook churnalism codes of ethics culture editing copy editing corrections fact checking spiking fake news websites horse race journalese media bias false balance news values above the fold man bites dog objectivity pink slime scandals sensationalism sources tabloid television yellow journalism school student publication challenges decline of newspapers news desert fourth estate fifth estate editorial independence independent state media capture media plurality freedom of information freedom of the press defamation safety source protection public relations media manipulation media relations news embargo news leak news propaganda model press conference media scrum press gallery press line press pass press pool press release sound bite spin spin room news media newspapers newspaper of record middle market newspaper formats broadsheet tabloid online extra edition magazines broadcast tv and radio digital multimedia video documentary film television news agencies alternative media nonprofit public service public broadcasting newsroom journalist staff writer correspondent photojournalist news presenter columnist editors editor in chief managing editor political editor editorial board assignment editor duty editor public editor editor at large contributing editor weather presenter news bureau news director pundit stringer journalism portal category journalism v t e citizen journalism 1 also known as collaborative media 2 61 participatory journalism 3 democratic journalism 4 guerrilla journalism 5 grassroots journalism 6 or street journalism 7 is based upon members of the community playing an active role in the process of collecting reporting analyzing and disseminating news and information courtney c radsch defines citizen journalism as an alternative and activist form of news gathering and reporting that functions outside mainstream media institutions often as a response to shortcomings in the professional journalistic field that uses similar journalistic practices but is driven by different objectives and ideals and relies on alternative sources of legitimacy than traditional or mainstream journalism 8 jay rosen offers a simpler definition when the people formerly known as the audience employ the press tools they have in their possession to inform one another 9 the underlying principle of citizen journalism is that ordinary people not professional journalists can be the main creators and distributors of news 10 citizen journalism should not be confused with community journalism or civic journalism both of which are practiced by professional journalists collaborative journalism which is the practice of professional and non professional journalists working together 11 and social journalism which denotes a digital publication with a hybrid of professional and non professional journalism 12 according to seungahn nah and deborah s chung in their book understanding citizen journalism as civic participation citizen journalism is highly embedded in local communities where community residents engage in day to day routines of community storytelling about local politics public affairs community events neighborhood issues schools public transportation land uses and environments and much more citizen journalism is a specific form of both citizen media and user generated content ugc by juxtaposing the term citizen with its attendant qualities of civic mindedness and social responsibility with that of journalism which refers to a particular profession courtney c radsch argues that this term best describes this particular form of online and digital journalism conducted by amateurs because it underscores the link between the practice of journalism and its relation to the political and public sphere 13 citizen journalism was made more feasible by the development of various online internet platforms 10 new media technology such as social networking and media sharing websites in addition to the increasing prevalence of cellular telephones have made citizen journalism more accessible to people worldwide recent advances in new media have started to have a profound political impact 14 due to the availability of technology citizens often can report breaking news more quickly than traditional media reporters notable examples of citizen journalism reporting from major world events are the 2010 haiti earthquake the arab spring the occupy wall street movement the 2013 protests in turkey the euromaidan events in ukraine and syrian civil war the 2014 ferguson unrest the black lives matter movement and the russian invasion of ukraine being that citizen journalism is yet to develop a conceptual framework and guiding principles it can be heavily opinionated and subjective making it more supplemental than primary in terms of forming public opinion 10 critics of the phenomenon including professional journalists and news organizations claim that citizen journalism is unregulated amateur and haphazard in quality and coverage furthermore citizen journalists due to their lack of professional affiliation are thought to lack resources as well as focus on how best to serve the public 10 a research team of citizen journalists created an oer library that contains video interviews to provide access to reliable sources 15 theory edit citizen journalism as a form of alternative media presents a radical challenge to the professionalized and institutionalized practices of the mainstream media 16 according to flew there have been three elements critical to the rise of citizen journalism open publishing collaborative editing and distributed content 17 mark glaser said in 2006 18 people without professional journalism training can use the tools of modern technology and the global distribution of the internet to create augment or fact check media on their own or in collaboration with others in what is participatory journalism 2003 19 j d lasica classifies media for citizen journalism into the following types audience participation such as user comments attached to news stories personal blogs photographs or video footage captured from personal mobile cameras or local news written by residents of a community independent news and information websites consumer reports the drudge report full fledged participatory news sites one convo nowpublic ohmynews digitaljournal com groundreport fair observer collaborative and contributory media sites slashdot kuro5hin newsvine other kinds of thin media mailing lists email newsletters personal broadcasting sites video broadcast sites such as kenradio open source news platforms such as veiwapp and wikinews the literature of citizen alternative and participatory journalism is most often situated in a democratic context and theorized as a response to corporate news media dominated by an economic logic 20 some scholars have sought to extend the study of citizen journalism beyond the developed western world including sylvia moretzsohn 21 courtney c radsch 22 and clemencia rodríguez 23 radsch for example wrote that throughout the arab world citizen journalists have emerged as the vanguard of new social movements dedicated to promoting human rights and democratic values 24 theories of citizenship edit according to vincent campbell theories of citizenship can be categorized into two core groups those that consider journalism for citizenship and those that consider journalism as citizenship the classical model of citizenship is the base of the two theories of citizenship the classical model is rooted in the ideology of informed citizens and places emphasis on the role of journalists rather than on citizens 25 the classical model has four main characteristics journalists role of informing citizens citizens are assumed to be informed if they regularly attend to the news they are supplied with more informed citizens are more likely to participate the more informed citizens participate the more democratic a state is more likely to be 25 the first characteristic upholds the theory that journalism is for citizens one of the main issues with this is that there is a normative judgement surrounding the amount and nature of information that citizens should have as well as what the relationship between the two should be one branch of journalism for citizens is the monitorial citizen coined by michael schudson the monitorial citizen suggests that citizens appropriately and strategically select what news and information they consume the monitorial citizen along with other forms of this ideology conceive individuals as those who do things with information to enact change and citizenship however this production of information does not equal to an act of citizenship but instead an act of journalism therefore citizens and journalists are portrayed as distinctive roles whereas journalism is used by citizens for citizenship and conversely journalists serve citizens 25 the second theory considers journalism as citizenship this theory focuses on the different aspects of citizen identity and activity and understands citizen journalism as directly constituting citizenship the term liquid citizenship coined by zizi papacharissi depicts how the lifestyles that individuals engage in allow them to interact with other individuals and organizations which thus remaps the conceptual periphery of civic political and social this liquid citizenship allows the interactions and experiences that individuals face to become citizen journalism where they create their own forms of journalism an alternative approach of journalism as citizenship rests between the distinction between dutiful citizens and actualizing citizens dutiful citizens engage in traditional citizenship practices while actualizing citizens engage in non traditional citizenship practices this alternative approach suggests that actualizing citizens are less likely to use traditional media and more likely to use online and social media as sources of information discussion and participation thus journalism in the form of online and social media practices become a form of citizenship for actualizing citizens 25 criticisms have been made against citizen journalism especially from among professionals in the field citizen journalists are often portrayed as unreliable biased and untrained as opposed to professionals who have recognition paid work unionized labour and behaviour that is often politically neutral and unaffiliated at least in the claim if not in the actuality 26 history edit citizen journalist at english defense league demonstration in london 2011 the idea that every citizen can engage in acts of journalism has a long history in the united states as early as the 1920s journalist and political commentator walter lippman and american philosopher john dewey debated the role of journalism in democracy including the extent that the public should participate in the news gathering and production processes 27 according to research conducted by blaagaard 2018 citizen journalism in st croix between 1915 and 1925 provided a platform for colonized communities helping them express their perspectives and address certain social injustices that were overlooked at the time by colonial authorities local publications for example the herald became a pathway for unheard voices to challenge dominant narratives 28 the contemporary citizen journalist movement emerged after journalists began to question the predictability of their coverage of events such as the 1988 u s presidential election those journalists became part of the public or civic journalism movement which sought to counter the erosion of trust in the news media and the widespread disillusionment with politics and civic affairs 29 30 31 initially discussions of public journalism focused on promoting journalism that was for the people by changing the way professional reporters did their work according to leonard witt however early public journalism efforts were often part of special projects that were expensive time consuming and episodic too often these projects dealt with an issue and moved on professional journalists were driving the discussion they would have the goal of doing a story on welfare to work or the environment or traffic problems or the economy and then they would recruit a cross section of citizens and chronicle their points of view since not all reporters and editors bought into this form of public journalism and some outright opposed it reaching out to the people from the newsroom was never an easy task by 2003 in fact the movement seemed to be petering out with th...
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