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following the lead of rogers and davies other actors with homes there have included norma talmadge greta garbo and cary grant douglas fairbanks spent his last years living there peter lawford had a house there in the 1960s ed kolpin jr opened a small tobacco pipe and cigar store in santa monica the tinder box in 1928 later it moved to its current location in 1948 where it began serving the many hollywood celebrities living nearby part of the attraction were the famous pipes handmade by kolpin himself in 1959 kolpin began a tobacco store franchise at first locally and then by the mid 1960s there were tinder box stores in malls across america the franchise business was sold in the 1970s but kolpin still owns and operates the original store as of 2003 1930s edit covered wagon in pioneer days parade in santa monica 1931 the great depression hit santa monica deeply one report gives citywide employment in 1933 of just 1 000 hotels and office building owners went bankrupt the pleasure piers were a cheap form of entertainment that got cheaper attracting a coarser crowd muscle beach located just south of the santa monica pier started to attract gymnasts and body builders who put on free shows for the public and continues till today in the 1930s corruption infected santa monica along with neighboring los angeles this aspect of the city is depicted in various raymond chandler novels where santa monica is thinly disguised as bay city a sequence in chandler s farewell my lovely was inspired by the true story of the s s rex 11 beginning in 1928 gambling ships started anchoring in santa monica bay just beyond the 3 mile 5 6 km limit water taxis ferried patrons from santa monica and venice the largest such ship was the s s rex launched in 1938 and capable of holding up to 3 000 gamblers at a time the rex was a red flag to anti gambling interests after state attorney general earl warren got a court order to shut the ships down as a nuisance the crew of the rex initially fought off police by using water cannons and brandishing sub machine guns the engine less ship surrendered after nine days in what newspapers called the battle of santa monica bay its owner anthony cornero went on to build the stardust casino in las vegas nevada the greatest benefit to the city came from the douglas corporation when it built the dc 3 commercial aircraft the dc 3 which first flew from clover field was a terrifically successful airliner that transformed the air transportation business and brought needed jobs to the city in a more modest show of entrepreneurship merle norman founded merle norman cosmetics in 1931 by making creams and cosmetics on her kitchen stove both her former house and her 1933 streamline styled business headquarters are well maintained the federal works project administration helped build several buildings in the city most notably city hall the 1938 art deco structure was designed by donald parkinson and features terrazzo mosaics by stanton macdonald wright the main post office and barnum hall santa monica high school auditorium were among several other wpa projects 1940s edit santa monica swimming club luau 1949 douglas s business grew astronomically with the onset of world war ii employing as many as 44 000 people in 1943 to defend against air attack set designers from the warner brothers studios prepared elaborate camouflage that disguised the factory and airfield 12 13 in 1945 santa monica city college started the community radio workshop crw to teach returning gis broadcasting and used the call letters kcrw later kcrw became a popular and innovative npr affiliate the sears building was built in 1947 at the south end of the retail district and has retained architect rowland crawford s original late moderne styling the rand corporation began as a project of the douglas company in 1945 and spun off into an independent think tank on may 14 1948 rand eventually acquired a 15 acre 61 000 m 2 campus centrally located between the civic center and the pier entrance as a response to the corruption and inefficiency that grew in the 1930s the current charter was enacted in 1946 the city government adopted a council manager government 1950s edit dedication of a memorial for nisei who died serving the united states santa monica 1959 papermate opened its santa monica factory in 1957 the plant produced 600 million ballpoint pens in 1971 and closed in 2005 the 3 000 seat santa monica civic auditorium was built on the site of santa monica s red lined african american neighborhood known as belmar construction began soon after the removal of belmar s residents the auditorium was designed in the international style by welton becket opened in 1958 14 from 1961 to 1968 the academy of motion picture arts and sciences held its annual oscar awards ceremony there performers that have appeared over the decades include joan baez the beach boys tony bennett david bowie dave brubeck buzzcocks the carpenters ray charles the clash bill cosby bob dylan ella fitzgerald allen ginsberg arlo guthrie jimi hendrix bob hope elton john led zeppelin andré previn public enemy ramones the rolling stones pete seeger bruce springsteen and the e street band t rex jonathan winters and countless others since the late 1980s the auditorium has been more popular for trade conventions than performances the films the t a m i show and urgh a music war were shot there pacific ocean park the last of the great amusement piers opened in 1958 while it temporarily eclipsed competitor disneyland attendance later plummeted and by 1967 the park was foreclosed for back taxes it sat empty and rotting an unattractive attractive nuisance until finally removed in 1974 adjacent to pacific ocean park was the rock and roll club the cheetah which featured early performances by such acts as the doors alice cooper pink floyd love the mothers of invention the seeds buffalo springfield and others it closed in 1968 the synanon drug rehabilitation cult moved into the old national guard building in 1959 and added their strange presence to the area in 1967 it moved into the swank del mar club until 1978 after that they held a small presence until shut down in 1991 15 16 1960s edit lawrence welk at ground breaking for the new union bank in santa monica 1960 the completion of the santa monica freeway in 1966 brought the promise of new prosperity for some although it was at the cost of decimating santa monica s red lined african american enclave and hispanic la viente barrio running between olympic and pico third street in downtown was converted into the santa monica mall in 1965 an innovative but ultimately unsuccessful development that turned the three block core of the retail district into an open air pedestrian mall large parking structures were built but rarely filled within a couple of decades it was in severe decline the santa monica mall just prior to its conversion to the third street promenade is a location for some scenes in the movie pee wee s big adventure the douglas plant closed in 1968 depriving santa monica of its largest employer a decade passed before the site was redeveloped into an office park the museum of flying was opened on the same site another decades later in 1989 bandleader lawrence welk built the champagne towers apartment building and the adjoining 300 foot tall 91 m lawrence welk plaza in 1969 the plaza is now known by its address 100 wilshire and it is still the tallest building in the city 1970s edit during the 1970s a remarkable number of notable fitness and health related businesses started in the city the supergo bicycle shop originally named bikecology founded by susan and alan goldsmith as a pro ten speed bike shop opened in 1971 and was ranked the top grossing bike shop in america by the time it relocated from wilshire blvd to the corner of 5th and broadway in 1995 and coincidentally work on the bicycle path along the beach was undertaken by the city the santa monica track club founded in 1972 by joe douglas has helped the careers of many olympians such as carl lewis sensei james field opened his dojo in 1974 which became one of the primary shotokan karate schools in the us and is now called the japan karate association jka santa monica joe gold who had sold his chain of gold s gyms years before started the world gym chain in 1977 nathan pritikin opened the pritikin longevity center in the casa del mar building in 1978 after prior owner synanon tried to murder attorney paul morantz by placing rattlesnake in his mailbox 16 ocean park resident jane fonda opened a small aerobics studio on main street in the late 1970s progressivism became the dominant political force in santa monica santa monicans for renters rights smrr formed in 1978 and was led by ruth yannatta goldway derek shearer dennis zane and reverend james conn with support from tom hayden and jane fonda conn s ocean park community organization opco was formed in 1979 as an adjunct to the church in ocean park partly in reaction to the rapid pace of change along main street it was the first of what became nine community organizations that serve as neighborhood advocates a strict rent control ordinance passed in 1979 and smrr achieved a council majority in 1981 it has largely remained the controlling political organization since then by 1977 the large 1894 american foursquare style home of roy jones son of founder john p jones was threatened with destruction it had been converted into rooming houses and was decrepit it along with an adjoining 19th century house was saved by being relocated to main street in ocean park and renovated the jones house became the home of the santa monica heritage museum and the other house became a restaurant the salvation of the buildings was representative of the changes taking place in the city the late 1970s early 1980s situation comedy three s company was set in santa monica 1980s edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed july 2014 learn how and when to remove this message after the economic doldrums of the 1960s and early 1970s the city s economy began to recover in the 1980s an early sign of that change was in the neighborhood of ocean park main street a quaint mile of sawdust bars and dilapidated stores selling old furniture was upgraded by the concerted efforts of a new generation of owners soon it was attracting increasingly expensive boutiques and restaurants at the northern end of main street adjacent to the still declining santa monica mall a city block was levelled in 1980 to build a new mall santa monica place designed by architect frank gehry further south on main street the mixed use museum retail and restaurant complex edgemar also designed by frank gehry opened in 1988 while the santa monica pier had been preserved from intentional destruction in 1973 it was nonetheless poorly maintained by the 1980s it had become a blight the area around the pier was filled with poorly built and maintained buildings that housed seedy biker bars and head shops the pier itself had dilapidated bars an odd plaster statue store and creepy game arcades the city put off repairing the breakwater that protected the pier and the so called yacht harbor immediately north studies were made for rehabilitation of the pier and repair of the breakwater but they were never acted upon in 1983 major winter storms part of the el niño weather pattern struck santa monica on january 27 and again on march 1 the storms destroyed more than a third of the pier along with stores bars cars and a large crane brought in to begin repairs rebuilding the pier was a contentious effort costing 43 million ultimately the work was completed and the pier remains the city s best known landmark three interesting buildings owned by the city were abandoned and destroyed including the sinbad s restaurant that featured a large whale s tail in the facade in the 1980s the city put together the plan for turning the failed santa monica mall into the santa monica promenade the project completed in 1989 has proven to be a huge success and is a major regional shopping and entertainment center between 1988 and 1998 taxable sales in the city grew 440 quadrupling city revenues retails rents in the development area also quadrupled more than 500 million of private money has been invested into the promenade and the adjacent streets in the bayside district corporation business association the city opened its public electronic network pen in 1989 providing citizens with a bulletin board system bbs to discuss local issues and access city services pen was the first municipally operated bbs in the world while plagued by the ills common to bbses the site empowered residents due in part to the placement of publicly available terminals in libraries homeless persons and their issues received considerable attention on pen the swashlock showers washers and lockers plan was developed on pen and implemented in 1993 pen also served as a center to organize opposition to the 1990 proposal to redevelop 415 pch 1990s edit the 1990s saw continued development in santa monica the promenade caught on colorado place water garden and other nearby office developments on the east side of town attracted mgm sony symantec and other corporations the shutters hotel was the first of several new hotels built between the pier and pico boulevard one of them the loews is on the site of the long forgotten arcadia hotel the casa del mar returned to its former glory as a luxury hotel in 1999 after a reported 60 million renovation by the owners of the shutters hotel even the comparatively dowdy miramar hotel found new prominence with the many visits of president bill clinton in 1994 an old rail station was transformed by the city into bergamot station a collection of art galleries that has become a center of art exhibition and retailing the 1994 northridge earthquake caused the loss of many residences and historic buildings particularly on the north side of the city other notable damage st john s hospital came close to collapsing honda of santa monica s parking structure pancaked crushing numerous cars in all 100 buildings were condemned outright including 3 100 apartment units while far more suffered repairable damage the evening outlook which had been purchased by the copley press newspaper chain in 1983 was closed in 1998 after 123 years of reporting 17 18 it reportedly had 20 000 paid subscription at the time of the closure 19 mtbe a major gasoline additive 10 by volume was discovered in the city s water wells in august 1995 the mtbe was found almost by accident since it was not on the list of known contaminants and acceptable level had not been set the city waters engineers had to research the hazard and they raised the alarm within a year all five wells were closed leading to the loss of 45 of the city s water supply one well had a concentration of...
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