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cassibile with italy romania became the second axis power in europe 109 the romanians shared in the spoils of operation achse regia marina s 5 cb class midget submarines in the black sea being transferred to the romanian navy 110 romania also captured 496 italians mostly naval personnel 2 of them later died before the month was out germany had agreed to systematically supply the romanian army with german military vehicles via the olivenbaum i iii and quittenbaum i programs deliveries started in november 1943 and by august 1944 germany had supplied romania with 10 times more armored vehicles panzer iii panzer iv and sturmgeschütz iii than during the entire pre cassibile period having acquired the license to produce the messerschmitt bf 109 romania planned to assemble 75 from german parts deliveries began in may 1944 but only 6 were completed before romania left the axis in august 1944 eleven more were completed by the end of the war with the remaining 58 completed after the war in 1944 romania had also gained access to certain wunderwaffen such as the werfer granate 21 the first romanian made fiesler storch was completed in october 1943 followed by 9 more by may 1944 from march 1944 germany also contributed to the design and construction of the m 05 and m 06 prototypes of the mareșal tank destroyer alkett contributed to the romanian design team and telefunken radios along with böhler armor were provided the 75 mm reșița gun production started at the end of 1943 used the projectile chamber of the german pak 40 technology transfers between the two countries were not necessarily one way however on 6 january 1944 antonescu showed hitler the plans of the m 04 prototype of the mareșal tank destroyer in may 1944 lieutenant colonel ventz from the waffenamt acknowledged that the hetzer had followed the romanian design german led army group south ukraine could not take major operational decisions without securing ion antonescu s approval even as late as 22 august 1944 the day before he was dismissed 111 an entire german army the 6th came under romanian command in may 1944 when it became part of romanian general petre dumitrescu s armeegruppe for the first time in the war german commanders came under the actual rather than nominal command of their foreign allies this romanian led army group had 24 divisions of which 17 were german 112 113 slovakia main articles slovak republic 1939 1945 slovakia during world war ii and slovak invasion of poland adolf hitler greeting jozef tiso president of the slovak republic 1941 the slovak republic under president jozef tiso signed the tripartite pact on 24 november 1940 slovakia had been closely aligned with germany almost immediately from its declaration of independence from czechoslovakia on 14 march 1939 slovakia entered into a treaty of protection with germany on 23 march 1939 slovak troops joined the german invasion of poland having interest in spiš and orava those two regions along with cieszyn silesia had been disputed between poland and czechoslovakia since 1918 the poles fully annexed them following the munich agreement after the invasion of poland slovakia reclaimed control of those territories slovakia invaded poland alongside german forces contributing 50 000 men at this stage of the war hiroshi ōshima japanese envoy to slovak republic and ambassador to germany with slovak president jozef tiso and slovak prime minister vojtech tuka 1941 slovakia declared war on the soviet union in 1941 and signed the revived anti comintern pact in 1941 slovak troops fought on germany s eastern front furnishing germany with two divisions totaling 80 000 men slovakia declared war on the united kingdom and the united states in 1942 slovakia was spared german military occupation until the slovak national uprising which began on 29 august 1944 and was almost immediately crushed by the waffen ss and slovak troops loyal to josef tiso after the war tiso was executed and slovakia once again became part of czechoslovakia the border with poland was shifted back to the pre war state bulgaria main article bulgaria during world war ii bulgarian soldiers in vardar macedonia during the balkans campaign the tsardom of bulgaria was ruled by тsar boris iii when it signed the tripartite pact on 1 march 1941 bulgaria had been on the losing side in the first world war and sought a return of what the bulgarian leadership saw as lost ethnically and historically bulgarian territories specifically in macedonia and thrace divided between the kingdom of yugoslavia the kingdom of greece and turkey during the 1930s because of traditional right wing elements bulgaria drew closer to nazi germany in 1940 germany pressured romania to sign the treaty of craiova returning to bulgaria the region of southern dobrudja which it had lost in 1913 the germans also promised bulgaria if it joined the axis an enlargement of its territory to the borders specified in the treaty of san stefano bulgaria participated in the axis invasion of yugoslavia and greece by letting german troops attack from its territory and sent troops to greece on april 20 as a reward the axis powers allowed bulgaria to occupy parts of both countries southern and south eastern yugoslavia vardar banovina and north eastern greece parts of greek macedonia and greek thrace the bulgarian forces in these areas spent the following years fighting various nationalist groups and resistance movements despite german pressure bulgaria did not take part in the axis invasion of the soviet union and actually never declared war on the soviet union the bulgarian navy was nonetheless involved in a number of skirmishes with the soviet black sea fleet which attacked bulgarian shipping following the japanese attack on pearl harbor in december 1941 the bulgarian government declared war on the western allies this action remained largely symbolic at least from the bulgarian perspective until august 1943 when bulgarian air defense and air force attacked allied bombers returning heavily damaged from a mission over the romanian oil refineries this turned into a disaster for the citizens of sofia and other major bulgarian cities which were heavily bombed by the allies in the winter of 1943 1944 on 2 september 1944 as the red army approached the bulgarian border a new bulgarian government came to power and sought peace with the allies expelled the few remaining german troops and declared neutrality these measures however did not prevent the soviet union from declaring war on bulgaria on 5 september and on 8 september the red army marched into the country meeting no resistance this was followed by the coup d état of 9 september 1944 which brought a government of the pro soviet fatherland front to power after this the bulgarian army as part of the red army s 3rd ukrainian front fought the germans in yugoslavia and hungary sustaining numerous casualties despite this the paris peace treaty treated bulgaria as one of the defeated countries bulgaria was allowed to keep southern dobruja but had to give up all claims to greek and yugoslav territory independent state of croatia main article independent state of croatia adolf hitler meeting with ndh leader ante pavelić on 10 april 1941 the so called independent state of croatia nezavisna država hrvatska or ndh an installed german italian puppet state co signed the tripartite pact the ndh remained a member of the axis until the end of second world war its forces fighting for germany even after its territory had been overrun by yugoslav partisans on 16 april 1941 ante pavelić a croatian nationalist and one of the founders of the ustaše croatian liberation movement was proclaimed poglavnik leader of the new regime initially the ustaše had been heavily influenced by italy they were actively supported by mussolini s national fascist party regime in italy which gave the movement training grounds to prepare for war against yugoslavia as well as accepting pavelić as an exile and allowing him to reside in rome in 1941 during the italian invasion of greece mussolini requested that germany invade yugoslavia to save the italian forces in greece hitler reluctantly agreed yugoslavia was invaded and the ndh was created pavelić led a delegation to rome and offered the crown of the ndh to an italian prince of the house of savoy who was crowned tomislav ii the next day pavelić signed the contracts of rome with mussolini ceding dalmatia to italy and fixing the permanent borders between the ndh and italy italian armed forces were allowed to control all of the coastline of the ndh effectively giving italy total control of the adriatic coastline when the king of italy ousted mussolini from power and italy capitulated the ndh became completely under german influence the platform of the ustaše movement proclaimed that croatians had been oppressed by the serb dominated kingdom of yugoslavia and that croatians deserved to have an independent nation after years of domination by foreign empires the ustaše perceived serbs to be racially inferior to croats and saw them as infiltrators who were occupying croatian lands they saw the extermination and expulsion or deportation of serbs as necessary to racially purify croatia while part of yugoslavia many croatian nationalists violently opposed the serb dominated yugoslav monarchy and assassinated alexander i of yugoslavia together with the internal macedonian revolutionary organization ustashe forces fought against communist yugoslav partisan guerrilla throughout the war the ustaše regime lacked general support among croats and never accrued any significant support among the populace 114 115 the ustaše regime was backed by parts of the croat population that during the interwar period had felt oppressed in the serb led yugoslavia most of the support it had initially gained by creating a croatian national state was lost because of the brutal practices it used 116 upon coming to power pavelić formed the croatian home guard hrvatsko domobranstvo as the official military force of the ndh originally authorized at 16 000 men it grew to a peak fighting force of 130 000 the croatian home guard included an air force and navy although its navy was restricted in size by the contracts of rome in addition to the croatian home guard pavelić was also the supreme commander of the ustaše militia although all ndh military units were generally under the command of the german or italian formations in their area of operations the ustaše government declared war on the soviet union signed the anti comintern pact of 1941 and sent troops to germany s eastern front ustaše militia were garrisoned in the balkans battling the communist partisans the ustaše government applied racial laws on serbs jews and romani people as well as targeting those opposed to the fascist regime and after june 1941 deported them to the jasenovac concentration camp or to nazi concentration camps in poland the racial laws were enforced by the ustaše militia the exact number of victims of the ustaše regime is uncertain due to the destruction of documents and varying numbers given by historians according to the united states holocaust memorial museum in washington d c between 320 000 and 340 000 serbs were killed in the ndh 117 yugoslavia two day membership main articles yugoslav accession to the tripartite pact yugoslav coup d état and invasion of yugoslavia yugoslavia was largely surrounded by members of the pact and now bordered the german reich from late 1940 hitler sought a non aggression pact with yugoslavia in february 1941 hitler called for yugoslavia s accession to the tripartite pact but the yugoslav government delayed in march divisions of the german army arrived at the bulgarian yugoslav border and permission was sought for them to pass through to attack greece on 25 march 1941 fearing that yugoslavia would be invaded otherwise the yugoslav government signed the tripartite pact with significant reservations unlike other axis powers yugoslavia was not obliged to provide military assistance nor to provide its territory for axis to move military forces during the war less than two days later after demonstrations in the streets of belgrade prince paul and the government were removed from office by a coup d état seventeen year old king peter was declared to be of age the new yugoslav government under general dušan simović refused to ratify yugoslavia s signing of the tripartite pact and started negotiations with great britain and soviet union winston churchill commented that yugoslavia has found its soul however hitler invaded and quickly took control citation needed anti comintern pact signatories some countries signed the anti comintern pact but not the tripartite pact as such their adherence to the axis may have been less than that of tripartite pact signatories some of these states were officially at war with members of the allied powers others remained neutral in the war and sent only volunteers signing the anti comintern pact was seen as a litmus test of loyalty by the nazi leadership 118 china reorganized national government of china main article wang jingwei regime during the second sino japanese war japan advanced from its bases in manchuria to occupy much of east and central china several japanese puppet states were organized in areas occupied by the imperial japanese armed forces including the provisional government of the republic of china at beijing which was formed in 1937 and the reformed government of the republic of china at nanjing which was formed in 1938 these governments were merged into the reorganized national government of china at nanjing on 29 march 1940 wang jingwei became head of state the government was to be run along the same lines as the nationalist regime and adopted its symbols the nanjing government had no real power its main role was to act as a propaganda tool for the japanese the nanjing government concluded agreements with japan and manchukuo authorising japanese occupation of china and recognising the independence of manchukuo under japanese protection the nanjing government signed the anti comintern pact of 1941 and declared war on the united states and the united kingdom on 9 january 1943 the government had a strained relationship with the japanese from the beginning wang s insistence on his regime being the true nationalist government of china and in replicating all the symbols of the kuomintang led to frequent conflicts with the japanese the most prominent being the issue of the regime s flag which was identical to that of the republic of china the worsening situation for japan from 1943 onwards meant that the nanjing army was given a more substantial role in the defence of occupied china than the japanese had initially envisaged the army was almost continuously employed against the communist new fourth army wang jingwei died on 10 november 1944 and was succeeded by his deputy chen gongbo chen had little influence the real power behind the r...
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