Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
republicanism, in, and, republican, virtue, democracy, of, the, united, states, american, other, founding, fathers, contents, revolution, issues, constitution, history, see, also, references, further, reading, external, links, patriotism, versus, commerce, as, party, name, motherhood, property, rights, equitable, distribution, wealth, national, debt, military, service, terminology, legal, rulings, south, slavery, jim, crow, women, suffrage, progressive, era, rise, 20th, century, slogan, republic, not, influences, opposition, to, majoritarian, tyranny, support, for, rule, majority,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (819), and (356), american (122), that (98), republican (95), #republicanism (79), #states (69), democracy (68), was (67), republic (65), revolution (61), party (61), united (59), for (55), political (53), history (49), government (47), new (45), from (41), rights (40), america (39), not (37), liberty (36), with (31), john (31), edit (31), war (29), their (29), constitution (28), they (28), national (27), jefferson (26), this (25), politics (25), state (25), madison (24), people (23), thomas (23), which (23), online (22), virtue (22), majority (22), were (22), court (21), right (21), federalist (20), corruption (20), other (19), washington (19), adams (19), law (19), but (19), property (19), retrieved (18), revolutionary (18), democratic (18), journal (18), ideology (18), interest (18), values (18), citizens (18), first (17), had (17), 2022 (17), have (17), foundation (16), military (16), william (16), century (16), james (16), conservative (16), society (15), york (15), congress (15), jstor (15), isbn (15), public (15), press (15), freedom (14), robert (14), review (14), institute (14), more (14), all (13), north (13), women (13), americans (13), founding (13), hamilton (13), gordon (13), liberalism (13), archived (13), vol (13), september (13), republicans (13), social (13), such (13), policy (12), may (12), independence (12), fathers (12), alexander (12), george (12), are (12), wood (12), most (12), civil (12), bernard (12), 978 (12), only (12), would (12), page (11), constitutional (11), south (11), bailyn (11), 2017 (11), thought (11), england (11), vote (11), university (11), system (11), classical (11), these (11), popular (11), well (11), elections (11), will (11), august (10), british (10), daughters (10), day (10), great (10), into (10), after (10), quarterly (10), early (10), 2001 (10), economic (10), citizen (10), 2024 (10), has (10), idea (10), should (10), civic (10), duty (10), slavery (10), debt (10), country (9), patriots (9), second (9), southern (9), ministry (9), men (9), june (9), original (9), power (9), mary (9), also (9), oligarchy (9), 2020 (9), special (9), times (9), anti (9), paul (9), minority (9), his (9), era (9), when (9), self (9), rule (9), article (9), historians (9), service (9), portal (9), wikipedia (8), articles (8), martin (8), 1776 (8), colonial (8), richard (8), virginia (8), philosophy (8), origins (8), one (8), any (8), jeffersonian (8), joseph (8), modern (8), pocock (8), free (8), movement (8), 2014 (8), against (8), elites (8), its (8), story (8), electoral (8), through (8), could (8), who (8), less (8), used (8), threat (8), those (8), list (8), toggle (7), last (7), general (7), house (7), continental (7), related (7), papers (7), colonies (7), commerce (7), common (7), culture (7), eighteenth (7), studies (7), white (7), april (7), january (7), ideas (7), referendum (7), reconstruction (7), notes (7), heritage (7), 1789 (7), version (7), intellectual (7), historian (7), old (7), joyce (7), appleby (7), suffrage (7), form (7), pure (7), benjamin (7), groups (7), ancient (7), small (7), president (7), over (7), tyranny (7), good (7), many (7), interests (7), roman (7), parties (7), christian (7), defunct (7), amendments (7), view (6), legal (6), about (6), terms (6), links (6), wayback (6), islands (6), saint (6), influence (6), french (6), treaty (6), franklin (6), lincoln (6), island (6), pennsylvania (6), boston (6), army (6), declaration (6), equal (6), religion (6), david (6), 1992 (6), 1972 (6), concept (6), 1997 (6), guarantee (6), 2006 (6), eds (6), 2002 (6), liberal (6), encyclopedia (6), republics (6), ideological (6), taylor (6), gilens (6), take (6), made (6), justice (6), patriot (6), news (6), monarchism (6), direct (6), time (6), presidential (6), college (6), been (6), executive (6), opposed (6), courts (6), federal (6), principles (6), because (6), definition (6), there (6), personal (6), issues (6), conservatism (6), neo (6), especially (6), virtuous (6), search (5), under (5), non (5), english (5), soldier (5), 1783 (5), charles (5), events (5), major (5), britain (5), tea (5), union (5), branch (5), black (5), life (5), spirit (5), locke (5), 2011 (5), july (5), media (5), before (5), tradition (5), historiography (5), toward (5), synthesis (5), machine (5), 1815 (5), during (5), study (5), late (5), 1775 (5), radical (5), federalism (5), real (5), congressional (5), 2009 (5), doi (5), argued (5), commitment (5), quoted (5), senate (5), governance (5), foreign (5), see (5), average (5), rich (5), supreme (5), judicial (5), mass (5), donald (5), trump (5), election (5), two (5), individual (5), became (5), voting (5), term (5), strong (5), control (5), representatives (5), fight (5), took (5), progressive (5), being (5), main (5), citizenship (5), name (5), aristocracy (5), according (5), both (5), part (5), does (5), necessary (5), theory (5), wealth (5), greek (5), some (5), private (5), than (5), democrats (5), series (5), subsection (5), contents (4), you (4), use (4), commons (4), march (4), bill (4), convention (4), louis (4), jones (4), clark (4), iii (4), leaders (4), quebec (4), carolina (4), massachusetts (4), peace (4), battles (4), northern (4), crisis (4), confederation (4), act (4), proclamation (4), coalition (4), future (4), kirk (4), 1965 (4), issn (4), 1787 (4), radicalism (4), rise (4), issue (4), literature (4), 1990 (4), shalhope (4), 2016 (4), writing (4), ellis (4), daniel (4), 1981 (4), 1800 (4), clause (4), theories (4), kerber (4), herrera (4), 1861 (4), ideal (4), companion (4), edition (4), 564 (4), create (4), 2000 (4), whig (4), world (4), brown (4), 1984 (4), 1985 (4), change (4), antebellum (4), empire (4), order (4), 2008 (4), sovereignty (4), moral (4), perspectives (4), 1987 (4), randolph (4), jackson (4), gallatin (4), appear (4), where (4), known (4), truth (4), rhetoric (4), kidd (4), god (4), much (4), our (4), among (4), since (4), majorities (4), word (4), amendment (4), policies (4), argues (4), 1830s (4), happy (4), believed (4), generally (4), led (4), cannot (4), large (4), nation (4), population (4), fought (4), emphasized (4), give (4), held (4), formed (4), just (4), monarchy (4), like (4), every (4), powers (4), way (4), patriotism (4), politicians (4), fiscal (4), chief (4), even (4), scientists (4), protection (4), strength (4), balance (4), land (4), multitude (4), marshall (4), called (4), equality (4), importance (4), process (4), project (4), reagan (4), school (4), constitutionalism (4), must (4), established (4), district (4), whip (4), leader (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), privacy (3), using (3), wikimedia (3), link (3), wikidata (3), 2019 (3), short (3), different (3), virgin (3), sint (3), sons (3), founders (3), memorial (3), currency (3), financial (3), intelligence (3), timeline (3), topics (3), jay (3), 1784 (3), allies (3), henry (3), lee (3), dickinson (3), samuel (3), ward (3), mercer (3), hopkins (3), rockingham (3), west (3), florida (3), rhode (3), jersey (3), delaware (3), connecticut (3), anglo (3), kings (3), saratoga (3), fort (3), princeton (3), western (3), philadelphia (3), campaigns (3), german (3), navy (3), royal (3), kingdom (3), letters (3), 1773 (3), resolution (3), necessity (3), arms (3), association (3), letter (3), fox (3), created (3), without (3), representation (3), interpretation (3), 325 (3), how (3), ever (3), 2010 (3), 2015 (3), understanding (3), making (3), machiavellian (3), moment (3), atlantic (3), 1980 (3), experience (3), texas (3), 1989 (3), drew (3), legacy (3), kramnick (3), isaac (3), primary (3), linda (3), experiment (3), ricardo (3), hart (3), 1952 (3), 1993 (3), cambridge (3), science (3), biography (3), eric (3), 1978 (3), 2003 (3), 2007 (3), 1790s (3), dobski (3), chicago (3), jeffersonians (3), 1832 (3), discourse (3), stuart (3), november (3), 1850 (3), historical (3), further (3), reading (3), seattle (3), put (3), october (3), group (3), saying (3), city (3), arizona (3), draper (3), dangerous (3), young (3), 1788 (3), oldest (3), element (3), religious (3), comes (3), cleveland (3), character (3), anthony (3), kansas (3), woman (3), 1988 (3), volume (3), 1891 (3), won (3), support (3), institutions (3), soldiers (3), 1994 (3), andrew (3), 581 (3), preferences (3), impact (3), upon (3), 1017 (3), s1537592714001595 (3), testing (3), pdf (3), kevin (3), webster (3), rousseau (3), indeed (3), program (3), capitol (3), candidate (3), campaign (3), out (3), once (3), current (3), make (3), him (3), instead (3), senators (3), bush (3), ideals (3), argue (3), 20th (3), declared (3), majoritarian (3), 1820s (3), local (3), democrat (3), representative (3), legislative (3), defined (3), faction (3), central (3), thus (3), therefore (3), represent (3), inalienable (3), particular (3), while (3), wilson (3), 1770s (3), influences (3), secure (3), them (3), exercising (3), too (3), themselves (3), man (3), later (3), cases (3), did (3), basic (3), due (3), what (3), poor (3), required (3), then (3), choice (3), important (3), affairs (3), came (3), superior (3), militia (3), off (3), 1835 (3), own (3), debts (3), favor (3), between (3), distribution (3), governments (3), fair (3), luxury (3), motherhood (3), never (3), fund (3), center (3), street (3), human (3), daily (3), active (3), conflict (3), 1960 (3), roberts (3), flynn (3), taft (3), vance (3), bear (3), paleo (3), schools (3), arguing (3), source (3), montesquieu (3), contract (3), very (3), composition (3), rulers (3), authority (3), colonists (3), read (3), preamble (3), vii (3), council (3), tools (3), topic (2), languages (2), table (2), safety (2), contact (2), text (2), available (2), agree (2), categories (2), url (2), template (2), written (2), description (2), movements (2), org (2), title (2), eustatius (2), puerto (2), rico (2), vincent (2), lucia (2), mexico (2), jamaica (2), grenada (2), canada (2), barbados (2), bahamas (2), antigua (2), barbuda (2), sovereign (2), cincinnati (2), children (2), powder (2), massacre (2), von (2), steuben (2), birthday (2), african (2), rebellion (2), ratification (2), paris (2), lafayette (2), xvi (2), witherspoon (2), morris (2), huntington (2), hanson (2), civilian (2), sullivan (2), rodney (2), greene (2), shelburne (2), king (2), howe (2), nova (2), scotia (2), loyal (2), hampshire (2), maryland (2), georgia (2), dutch (2), wars (2), mutiny (2), conspiracy (2), 1781 (2), france (2), conway (2), yorktown (2), defeat (2), farms (2), point (2), ticonderoga (2), hill (2), theaters (2), parliament (2), board (2), combatants (2), affair (2), credit (2), 1763 (2), perpetual (2), resolves (2), committee (2), correspondence (2), petition (2), farmer (2), committees (2), stamp (2), navigation (2), acts (2), loyalists (2), consent (2), governed (2), pursuit (2), happiness (2), sense (2), enlightenment (2), inventing (2), lesson (2), external (2), mother (2), 192 (2), yirush (2), craig (2), scholarship (2), 321 (2), frank (2), lawrence (2), identity (2), 1969 (2), creation (2), 1935 (2), 2005 (2), summer (2), focus (2), jacksonian (2), 1982 (2), 356 (2), emergence (2), arthur (2), 2013 (2), soul (2), transformation (2), rodgers (2), jack (2), 1975 (2), revisited (2), 1750 (2), initiative (2), nabors (2), forrest (2), excerpt (2), task (2), van (2), mccoy (2), theodore (2), sources (2), 1998 (2), virtues (2), milton (2), keyssar (2), contested (2), 21st (2), hartz (2), 2004 (2), gould (2), philip (2), cultural (2), foner (2), individualism (2), 1970 (2), labor (2), 2nd (2), end (2), standard (2), age (2), 1801 (2), colbourn (2), trevor (2), lamp (2), 1660 (2), buel (2), securing (2), gerry (2), 1999 (2), becker (2), peter (2), banning (2), 1966 (2), 1967 (2), here (2), patrick (2), progressivism (2), jean (2), belief (2), generation (2), her (2), reprinted (2), vision (2), slate (2), reason (2), why (2), keep (2), astra (2), wrong (2), argument (2), boyer (2), oxford (2), 211 (2), safire (2), 175 (2), 176 (2), 1777 (2), phillip (2), reid (2), kyle (2), volk (2), minorities (2), garrett (2), sheldon (2), caroline (2), says (2), removed (2), 1798 (2), michael (2), nelson (2), chambers (2), draft (2), grover (2), 1930 (2), 180 (2), structure (2), missouri (2), thornton (2), slave (2), alabama (2), lewis (2), quote (2), battle (2), hall (2), addresses (2), proposed (2), dropped (2), scott (2), mercenaries (2), security (2), problem (2), francis (2), burrows (2), albert (2), dec (2), organized (2), minuscule (2), near (2), zero (2), statistically (2), significant (2), belknap (2), towards (2), little (2), capital (2), hacker (2), jacob (2), class (2), pierson (2), fishkin (2), forbath (2), harvard (2), things (2), bouie (2), jamelle (2), stephen (2), kent (2), newmyer (2), statesman (2), strike (2), miller (2), 1974 (2), rahe (2), 1816 (2), introduction (2), sarah (2), purcell (2), spread (2), martial (2), clergy (2), 1768 (2), nixon (2), pettit (2), institutional (2), visions (2), references (2), reform (2), third (2), paper (2), giving (2), weight (2), votes (2), referendums (2), however (2), three (2), given (2), effort (2), win (2), ability (2), passed (2), mean (2), distinct (2), critics (2), oriented (2), threatened (2), wealthy (2), continue (2), roosevelt (2), theme (2), slogan (2), voters (2), eliminated (2), widely (2), directly (2), seen (2), positive (2), assumed (2), members (2), supported (2), force (2), exercise (2), judiciary (2), vested (2), select (2), chosen (2), opinion (2), regular (2), durable (2), described (2), wrote (2), true (2), weak (2), warned (2), suggested (2), reverse (2), tocqueville (2), opponent (2), soon (2), actually (2), larger (2), agents (2), spot (2), beyond (2), focused (2), ensure (2), worried (2), might (2), despotism (2), opposition (2), 1917 (2), debate (2), said (2), notion (2), serve (2), fear (2), core (2), progressives (2), morally (2), former (2), confederate (2), promote (2), meant (2), advocates (2), susan (2), forces (2), across (2), 1854 (2), settlers (2), whether (2), itself (2), michigan (2), checks (2), mills (2), nebraska (2), compatibility (2), incompatible (2), greatness (2), nations (2), extent (2), principle (2), jim (2), crow (2), 1875 (2), ruled (2), refers (2), implied (2), remained (2), question (2), terminology (2), rulings (2), wanted (2), another (2), liberties (2), gave (2), set (2), practice (2), ownership (2), limiting (2), native (2), gradually (2), requirements (2), few (2), goals (2), shall (2), explains (2), essential (2), component (2), enlistment (2), negotiations (2), constitutions (2), discipline (2), together (2), pride (2), paying (2), entire (2), convinced (2), evils (2), inequality (2), possible (2), danger (2), secretary (2), lower (2), same (2), louisiana (2), disagrees (2), status (2), get (2), powerful (2), researchers (2), stated (2), tend (2), organizations (2), winters (2), concerning (2), kentucky (2), side (2), possessed (2), equitable (2), nationalism (2), often (2), whigs (2), female (2), mill (2), pay (2), independent (2), freemen (2), purpose (2), avoid (2), mercy (2), otis (2), warren (2), doctrine (2), popularity (2), overthrow (2), factions (2), named (2), talk (2), libertarianism (2), trumpism (2), green (2), bradley (2), network (2), russell (2), keefe (2), pro (2), family (2), voice (2), economics (2), caucus (2), wire (2), regnery (2), magazine (2), books (2), examiner (2), dispatch (2), air (2), breitbart (2), spectator (2), claremont (2), sutherland (2), leadership (2), hoover (2), action (2), mind (2), stand (2), 1840 (2), schlafly (2), kristol (2), bennett (2), buckley (2), kavanaugh (2), gorsuch (2), barrett (2), alito (2), thune (2), rubio (2), mccarthy (2), johnson (2), goldwater (2), calhoun (2), natural (2), exceptionalism (2), traditionalist (2), libertarian (2), scholars (2), debated (2), analysis (2), passion (2), nor (2), passions (2), roundly (2), denounced (2), bank (2), versus (2), meaning (2), magistrates (2), masters (2), laws (2), rules (2), ingredient (2), limits (2), practicable (2), approach (2), paine (2), destiny (2), resistance (2), justified (2), desire (2), protect (2), philosophical (2), sermons (2), puritan (2), needed (2), key (2), utmost (2), london (2), imperial (2), greed (2), rested (2), harrington (2), sidney (2), renaissance (2), concepts (2), founded (2), heavily (2), four (2), 1791 (2), titles (2), netherlands (2), australia (2), nobility (2), separation (2), unratified (2), xxvii (2), peasant (2), état (2), coup (2), spanish (2), discourses (2), publica (2), skinner (2), tom (2), capitalist (2), relations (2), visa (2), columbia (2), dakota (2), surveillance (2), chuck (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), bahasa (2), log (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, contacts, disclaimers, additional, apply, site, registered, trademark, profit, organization, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, 2026, utc, hidden, category, cs1, unfit, deprecated, archive, webarchive, mdy, dates, https, index, php, republicanism_in_the_united_states, oldid, 1371465134, turks, caicos, maarten, saba, pierre, miquelon, barthélemy, montserrat, martinique, guadeloupe, greenland, curaçao, cayman, bonaire, bermuda, aruba, anguilla, dependencies, territories, trinidad, tobago, grenadines, kitts, nevis, panama, nicaragua, honduras, haiti, guatemala, salvador, dominican, dominica, cuba, costa, rica, belize, museum, charters, rotunda, statuary, semiquincentennial, bicentennial, sesquicentennial, centennial, jubilee, minor, holidays, pulaski, theater, television, films, commemoration, libertas, americana, dollar, coin, banknotes, costs, dogs, yankee, doodle, tree, diplomacy, tomb, unknown, turtle, prisoners, shays, evacuation, aftermath, vergennes, suffren, rochambeau, luzerne, marquis, guichen, grasse, estaing, beaumarchais, rush, revere, mckean, laurens, hancock, carroll, wayne, schuyler, clair, putnam, nicholson, montgomery, knox, kalb, gates, duportail, claghorn, barry, arnold, allen, sandwich, germain, barrington, amherst, knyphausen, graves, gage, fraser, cornwallis, clinton, carleton, campbell, burgoyne, brant, arbuthnot, east, rebel, involvement, colony, location, mysore, fourth, cherokee, conflicts, newburgh, riots, carlisle, commission, entry, valley, forge, cabal, crossing, river, salute, staten, conference, saintes, chesapeake, lochry, guilford, pensacola, cowpens, mountain, camden, springfield, charleston, cape, gibraltar, savannah, expedition, stony, monmouth, germantown, brandywine, oriskany, bennington, siege, assunpink, creek, trenton, harlem, heights, long, valcour, bunker, capture, lexington, concord, naval, supporters, hortalez, cie, amity, franco, european, marines, thirteen, alarm, hutchinson, gaspee, 1772, indian, model, augusta, halifax, secret, causes, taking, olive, provincial, minutemen, suffolk, circular, grievances, nine, colonials, prohibitory, restraining, conciliatory, intolerable, townshend, declaratory, quartering, sugar, molasses, iron, loyalist, grafton, chatham, grenville, bute, pitt, newcastle, royalists, settler, colonialism, expansionism, taxation, englishmen, jaffee, bender, pennee, endowment, humanities, edsitement, neh, gov, plan, grades, zagari, rosemarie, morals, manners, 215, walter, owsley, 1865, 1995, 0735, 8342, influential, 679, 40493, transformed, monarchical, unlike, existed, wiltse, maurice, wilentz, sean, ends, 179, 199, watson, harry, 374, 52196, shields, fredrika, teute, domain, sphere, 169, 183, 334, shaffer, sandoz, ross, steven, 323, 330, career, rakove, meanings, postell, regulation, achieving, 108, mar, florentine, norton, beth, natelson, 807, 1860s, mushkat, jerome, rayback, buren, shaping, morgan, edmund, elusive, economy, lowi, bourgeois, kloppenberg, klein, intellect, perspective, 1976, 187, 205, jacobs, meg, directions, gary, restoration, haakonssen, knud, goodin, contemporary, pole, 1991, 845, emphasis, revised, titled, blackwell, autumn, 577, literary, gish, dustin, klinghard, ferling, 2012, leap, dark, struggle, soil, everdell, triumphs, tragedies, elkins, stanley, mckitrick, currie, 1829, period, language, dynamics, 1954, fall, v62, jürgen, heideking, henretta, lance, persuasion, evolution, 674, 44301, ashworth, capitalists, 428, 430, diggins, 572, 598, oakes, 551, 571, baker, 532, 550, cathy, matson, onuf, 496, 531, 474, 495, 461, 473, essays, capitalism, contexts, 1986, commercial, farming, agrarian, myth, 833, 849, imagination, danny, westneat, company, gop, keating, joshua, arlington, llc, interview, www, ackerman, wbur, meghna, chakrabarti, melvyn, dubofsky, 754, lerche, interpretations, 1949, yonatan, eyal, 1828, dictionary, gouverneur, leonhardt, challenged, coming, twin, threats, perils, liquor, winter, 1353, jer, 0113, politifact, website, goodlatte, working, recently, showed, remonstrance, assessments, 1785, neglected, case, apr, iss, 185, 209, polity, 191, enduring, transcript, mchenry, tucker, 109, enlightened, bourke, pluralist, tenth, 271, 299, debating, presidency, whiteclay, raise, alyn, brodsky, jensen, efficiency, 1885, byron, shafer, badger, 149, contesting, substance, ellen, carol, dubois, nyu, 0814721162, elizabeth, cady, stanton, artnow, 1253, 8027224821, complete, suffragette, 0826273918, 1860, grand, mcpherson, 126, cry, byrd, sharon, usgpo, 309, 139, 449, zuczek, greenwood, 0313330742, drastically, reduce, mark, expertise, 214, 0729, 2473, 262, cress, 0043, 5597, nagel, 504, 0824791421, 503, remini, macmillan, 0230614703, edwin, accessed, stands, controlled, 514, risk, drift, gives, optimism, headed, 0674979857, twenty, piketty, simon, schuster, 892939587, oclc, 1416593843, winner, richer, turned, back, middle, 0674247406, restructuring, foundations, boyd, julian, 553, 0691045382, opponents, don, want, nice, presser, resurrecting, 526, 533, reviews, kermit, mcguire, 404, brion, davis, dublin, 1830, 1959, 320, 332, portrait, paradox, fawn, brodie, 267, reality, whose, romantic, egalitarian, tenets, practically, course, nathan, schachner, 1957, 119, 134, interdisciplinary, reflections, birth, fire, inspiration, 1996, 621, 638, church, infobase, 234, 1438129242, leonard, expose, 138, zephyr, teachout, snuff, box, penguin, 1594202902, 507, kelley, 1977, 536, mortimer, sellers, 300, williams, horace, greeley, champion, gilder, lehrman, 95ff, stanford, yick, 118, 370, lovett, 1094, 2939, 1146, annurev, polisci, 040907, 120952, annual, neorepublicanism, normative, research
Text of the page (random words):
neau pound prescott ritchie robespierre sayed sillars singh skates skinner dennis slater slaughter smith spadolini stuart sun taverne venizelos washington whitlam wilson wood theoretical works republic c 375 bc de re publica 54 51 bc discourses on livy 1531 the tenure of kings and magistrates 1649 the commonwealth of oceana 1656 discourses concerning government 1698 the spirit of law 1748 discourse on inequality 1755 the social contract 1762 the federalist papers 1787 1788 rights of man 1791 perpetual peace a philosophical sketch 1794 democracy in america 1835 1840 on revolution 1963 history roman republic gaṇasaṅgha classical athens republic of venice republic of genoa republic of florence dutch republic american revolution french revolution spanish american wars of independence trienio liberal french revolution of 1848 proclamation of the republic 5 october 1910 revolution chinese revolution russian revolution german revolution of 1918 1919 turkish war of independence mongolian revolution of 1921 11 september 1922 revolution 1935 greek coup attempt spanish civil war 1944 icelandic constitutional referendum 1946 italian institutional referendum egyptian revolution of 1952 14 july revolution 1960 south african republic referendum north yemen civil war zanzibar revolution 1969 libyan revolution 1970 cambodian coup d état metapolitefsi 1974 greek republic referendum iranian revolution 1987 fijian coups d état 1993 brazilian constitutional referendum nepalese civil war barbadian republic proclamation national variants antigua and barbuda australia bahamas barbados canada ireland jamaica japan morocco netherlands new zealand norway spain catalonia sweden united kingdom scotland wales united states republic days armenia azerbaijan china iceland india iran italy kazakhstan malta moldova nepal niger north korea north macedonia pakistan philippines taiwan turkey related topics classical radicalism common good communitarianism consul criticism of monarchy egalitarianism the emperor s new clothes jacobinism liberalism list of monarchy referendums list of republics monarchism peasant republic primus inter pares republic without republicans republican empire republican party politics portal v t e this article is part of a series on the constitution of the united states preamble and articles preamble i ii iii iv v vi vii amendments to the constitution i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x xi xii xiii xiv xv xvi xvii xviii xix xx xxi xxii xxiii xxiv xxv xxvi xxvii unratified amendments congressional apportionment titles of nobility corwin child labor equal rights d c voting rights history drafting and ratification timeline convention signing federalism republicanism bill of rights reconstruction amendments full text preamble and articles i vii amendments i x amendments xi xxvii unratified amendments united states portal law portal politics portal v t e constitutional law of the united states overview articles amendments history judicial review principles separation of powers individual rights rule of law federalism republicanism equal footing tiers of scrutiny government structure legislative branch executive branch judicial branch state government local government individual rights freedom of religion freedom of speech freedom of the press freedom of assembly right to petition freedom of association right to keep and bear arms right to trial by jury criminal procedural rights right to privacy freedom from slavery due process equal protection citizenship voting rights right to candidacy comprehensible rules theory living constitution originalism substantive due process political process theory judicial restraint purposivism textualism strict constructionism common good constitutionalism unitary executive theory v t e the values and ideals of republicanism are foundational in the constitution and history of the united states 2 3 as the united states constitution prohibits granting titles of nobility republicanism in this context does not refer to a political movement to abolish such a social class as it does in countries such as the united kingdom australia and the netherlands instead it refers to the core values that citizenry in a republic have 4 5 or ought to have political scientists and historians have described these central values as liberty and inalienable individual rights recognizing the sovereignty of the people as the source of all authority in law 6 rejecting monarchy aristocracy and hereditary political power virtue and faithfulness in the performance of civic duties and intolerance of corruption 7 these values are based on those of ancient greco roman renaissance and english models and ideas 8 articulated in the writings of the founding fathers particularly thomas jefferson james madison and john adams 9 they formed the intellectual basis for the american revolution the declaration of independence 1776 the constitution 1787 and the bill of rights 1791 as well as the gettysburg address 1863 10 politicians and scholars have debated the connection of these values with issues like honest government democracy individualism property rights equality under the law military service as well as their compatibility with slavery inequitable distribution of wealth economic self interest limits on the rights of minorities and national debt in the united states constitution republic is mentioned once in section four of article four where it is stated the united states shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government two major political parties in american history have used the term in their name 11 the republican party of thomas jefferson 1793 1824 also known as the jeffersonian republican party or the democratic republican party and the republican party founded in 1854 and named after the jeffersonian party 12 american revolution and republican virtue edit virtue and patriotism edit the colonial intellectual and political leaders in the 1760s and 1770s closely read history to compare governments and their effectiveness of rule 13 the revolutionists were especially concerned with the history of liberty in england and were primarily influenced by the country party which opposed the court party that held power country party philosophy relied heavily on the classical republicanism of roman heritage it celebrated the ideals of duty and virtuous citizenship in a republic it drew heavily on ancient greek city state and roman republican examples 14 the country party shared some of the political philosophy of whiggism as well as tory critics in england which roundly denounced the corruption surrounding the court party in london centering on the royal court this approach produced a political ideology americans called republicanism which was widespread in colonial america by 1775 15 republicanism was the distinctive political consciousness of the entire revolutionary generation 16 j g a pocock explained the intellectual sources in america the whig canon and the neo harringtonians john milton james harrington and sidney trenchard gordon and bolingbroke together with the greek roman and renaissance masters of the tradition as far as montesquieu formed the authoritative literature of this culture and its values and concepts were those with which we have grown familiar a civic and patriot ideal in which the personality was founded in property perfected in citizenship but perpetually threatened by corruption government figuring paradoxically as the principal source of corruption and operating through such means as patronage faction standing armies opposed to the ideal of the militia established churches opposed to the puritan and deist modes of american religion and the promotion of a monied interest though the formulation of this last concept was somewhat hindered by the keen desire for readily available paper credit common in colonies of settlement 17 american republicanism was centered on limiting corruption and greed virtue was of the utmost importance for citizens and representatives revolutionaries took a lesson from ancient rome they knew it was necessary to avoid the luxury that had destroyed the empire 18 a virtuous citizen was one who ignored monetary compensation and made a commitment to resist and eradicate corruption the republic was sacred therefore it was necessary to serve the state in a truly representative way ignoring self interest and individual will republicanism required the service of those who were willing to give up their own interests for a common good according to bernard bailyn the preservation of liberty rested on the ability of the people to maintain effective checks on wielders of power and hence in the last analysis rested on the vigilance and moral stamina of the people virtuous citizens needed to be strong defenders of liberty and challenge the corruption and greed in government the duty of the virtuous citizen became a foundation for the american revolution 19 20 the commitment of patriots to republican values of the era was a key intellectual foundation of the american revolution in particular the key was patriots intense fear of political corruption and the threat it posed to liberty bernard bailyn states the fact that the ministerial conspiracy against liberty had risen from corruption was of the utmost importance to the colonists 21 in 1768 to 1773 newspaper exposés such as john dickinson s series of letters from a farmer in pennsylvania 1767 68 were widely reprinted and spread american disgust with british corruption the patriot press provided emphasized british corruption mismanagement and tyranny 22 britain was increasingly portrayed as corrupt and hostile and that of a threat to the very idea of democracy a threat to the established liberties that colonists enjoyed and to colonial property rights the greatest threat to liberty was thought by many to be corruption not just in london but at home as well the colonists associated it with luxury and especially inherited aristocracy which they condemned historian j g a pocock argues that republicanism explains the american revolution in terms of virtuous republican resistance to british imperial corruption 23 historian sarah purcell studied the sermons preached by the new england patriot clergy in 1774 1776 they stirred up a martial spirit justified war against england the preachers cited new england s puritan history in defense of freedom blamed britain s depravity and corruption for the necessity of armed conflict the sermons called on soldiers to behave morally and in a manly disciplined fashion the rhetoric not only encouraged heavy enlistment but helped create the intellectual climate the patriots needed to fight a civil war 24 historian thomas kidd argues that during the revolution active christians linked their religion to republicanism he states with the onset of the revolutionary crisis a major conceptual shift convinced americans across the theological spectrum that god was raising up america for some special purpose 25 kidd further argues that new blend of christian and republican ideology led religious traditionalists to embrace wholesale the concept of republican virtue 26 historian gordon wood has tied the founding ideas to american exceptionalism our beliefs in liberty equality constitutionalism and the well being of ordinary people came out of the revolutionary era so too did our idea that we americans are a special people with a special destiny to lead the world toward liberty and democracy 27 americans were the protectors of liberty they had a greater obligation and destiny to assert republican virtue in discourse of 1759 jonathan mayhew states an absolute submission to our prince or whether disobedience and resistance may not be justified able in some cases to all those who bear the title of rulers in common but only to those who actually perform the duty of rulers by exercising a reasonable and just authority for the good of human society the notion that british rulers were not virtuous nor exercising their authority for the good of human society prompted the colonial desire to protect and reestablish republican values in government this need to protect virtue was a philosophical underpinning of the american revolution 28 founding fathers edit the founding fathers were strong advocates of republican values especially samuel adams patrick henry george washington thomas paine benjamin franklin john adams thomas jefferson james madison and alexander hamilton 29 thomas jefferson defined a republic as a government by its citizens in mass acting directly and personally according to rules established by the majority and that every other government is more or less republican in proportion as it has in its composition more or less of this ingredient of the direct action of the citizens such a government is evidently restrained to very narrow limits of space and population i doubt if it would be practicable beyond the extent of a new england township the first shade from this pure element which like that of pure vital air cannot sustain life of itself would be where the powers of the government being divided should be exercised each by representatives chosen for such short terms as should render secure the duty of expressing the will of their constituents this i should consider as the nearest approach to a pure republic which is practicable on a large scale of country or population we may say with truth and meaning that governments are more or less republican as they have more or less of the element of popular election and control in their composition and believing as i do that the mass of the citizens is the safest depository of their own rights and especially that the evils flowing from the duperies of the people are less injurious than those from the egoism of their agents i am a friend to that composition of government which has in it the most of this ingredient 30 the founding fathers discoursed endlessly on the meaning of republicanism john adams in 1787 defined it as a government in which all men rich and poor magistrates and subjects officers and people masters and servants the first citizen and the last are equally subject to the laws 31 virtue versus commerce edit the open question as pocock suggested 32 of the conflict between personal economic interest grounded in lockean liberalism and classical republicanism troubled americans jefferson and madison roundly denounced the federalists for creating a national bank as tending to corruption and monarchism alexander hamilton staunchly defended his program arguing that national economic strength was necessary for the protection of liberty jefferson never relented but by 1815 madison switched and announced in favor of a national bank which he set up in 1816 john adams often pondered the issue of civic virtue writing mercy otis warren in 1776 he agreed with the greeks and the romans that public virtue cannot exist without private and public virtue is the only foundation ...
|
