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ii the axis and rome berlin tokyo axis redirect here for the book see the rome berlin axis for other uses see axis disambiguation axis powers achsenmächte german potenze dell asse italian 樞軸國 sūjikukoku japanese 1936 1945 we will win 1941 italian propaganda poster showing the flags of contemporary axis members major axis powers a german reich kingdom of italy b empire of japan other axis states kingdom of hungary c d kingdom of romania c slovak republic c e tsardom of bulgaria c republic of finland f independent state of croatia c e kingdom of thailand g status military alliance historical era world war ii anti comintern pact 25 november 1936 pact of steel 22 may 1939 tripartite pact 27 september 1940 defeated 2 september 1945 footnotes germany italy and japan are typically described as being the major or similar countries amongst the axis powers see e g global strategy momah p 71 or encyclopedia of world war ii tucker roberts p 102 after the italian surrender in september 1943 the kingdom of italy fought as a co belligerent of the allies whereas the italian social republic a german puppet state was formed in northern italy and existed until the surrender on 29 april 1945 1 2 3 4 5 acceded to the tripartite pact generally considered axis powers see e g facts about the american wars bowman p 432 which includes them in a list of axis powers or the library of congress world war ii companion wagner osborne reyburn p 39 which lists them as the axis following operation panzerfaust a german puppet under ferenc szálasi from 15 october 1944 onwards see germany and the axis powers dinardo p 189 1 2 puppet state installed by the axis powers see e g axis rule in occupied europe lemkin p 11 official position of wartime government was that they were a co belligerent of the axis against the ussr and united kingdom during the continuation war but generally considered to be a member of the axis see e g bowman p 432 wagner osborne reyburn p 39 or dinardo p 95 declared war on the united kingdom and united states in alliance with japan on 25 january 1942 generally considered to be a member of the axis e g bowman p 432 flags of germany japan and italy draping the facade of the embassy of japan on the tiergartenstraße in berlin september 1940 germany s führer adolf hitler right beside italy s duce benito mussolini left japan s prime minister hideki tojo center with fellow government representatives of the greater east asia co prosperity sphere to the left of tojo from left to right ba maw from burma zhang jinghui wang jingwei from china to the right of tojo from left to right wan waithayakon from thailand josé p laurel from the philippines and subhas chandra bose from india the signing of the tripartite pact by germany japan and italy on 27 september 1940 in berlin seated from left to right are the japanese ambassador to germany saburō kurusu italian minister of foreign affairs galeazzo ciano and adolf hitler the axis powers nb 1 originally called the rome berlin axis 1 and later the rome berlin tokyo axis was the military coalition which initiated world war ii and fought against the allies its principal members were nazi germany the kingdom of italy and the empire of japan the leading powers of the axis as well as most other members were united in the similar far right positions and general opposition to the allies but otherwise lacked comparable coordination and ideological cohesion the axis grew out of successive diplomatic efforts by germany italy and japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid 1930s the first step was the protocol signed by germany and italy in october 1936 after which italian leader benito mussolini declared that all other european countries would thereafter rotate on the rome berlin axis thus creating the term axis 2 the following november saw the ratification of the anti comintern pact an anti communist treaty between germany and japan italy joined the pact in 1937 followed by hungary and spain in 1939 the rome berlin axis became a military alliance in 1939 under the so called pact of steel with the tripartite pact of 1940 formally integrating the military aims of germany italy japan and later followed by other nations the three pacts formed the foundation of the axis alliance 3 at its zenith in 1942 the axis presided over large parts of europe north africa and east asia either through occupation annexation or puppet states in contrast to the allies 4 there were no three way summit meetings and cooperation and coordination were minimal on occasion the interests of the major axis powers were even at variance with each other 5 the axis ultimately came to an end with its defeat in 1945 particularly within europe the use of the term the axis sometimes refers solely to the alliance between italy and germany though outside europe it is normally understood as including japan 6 origins and creation part of a series on fascism principles actual idealism aestheticization of politics anti communism anti intellectualism anti materialism anti pacifism authoritarianism chauvinism class collaboration corporatism counter enlightenment cult of personality dictatorship direct action dirigisme heroic capitalism heroic realism machismo masculinity national syndicalism new man one party state proletarian nation propaganda reactionary modernism social darwinism social order state capitalism statolatry supercapitalism third position totalitarianism ultranationalism palingenetic topics architecture criticism culture definitions economics ideology movements paramilitaries symbolism politicians balbo codreanu doriot degrelle engdahl franco goga gömbös hitler ljotić mosley mussolini nakano oviglio o duffy quisling pavelić pavolini preto primo de rivera rodzaevsky salgado sima strasser gregor strasser otto szálasi valois van severen intellectuals ahimeir arthuys bardèche brasillach céline chamberlain chesterton civinini corradini crainic croce cupcea d annunzio dilling drieu la rochelle evola gentile giani gini ilyin ionescu kita krannhals de lapouge lewis malaparte manuilă marinetti michels mosley ojetti ōkawa olivetti orano panero pirandello pound ramos rosenberg saint loup savarkar scaligero schmitt schwarz sorel spirito streel thomson ungaretti valois literature prussianism and socialism 1919 fascist manifesto 1919 mein kampf 1925 manifesto of the fascist intellectuals 1925 my autobiography 1928 the myth of the twentieth century 1930 the doctrine of fascism 1932 twenty six point program of the falange 1934 organizations arrow cross party blackshirts brazilian integralist action british national party british union of fascists stewards canadian union of fascists fasci d azione rivoluzionaria fasci italiani di combattimento french popular party iron guard kokumin dōmei lapua movement mouvement franciste national fascist party opera nazionale balilla republican fascist party revolutionary mexicanist action rexist party russian fascist party school of fascist mysticism silver legion of america squadrismo slovak people s party tōhōkai ustaše ustaše youth verdinaso vfo vlajka media ajan suunta der angriff critica fascista fashist il popolo d italia je suis partout l idea nazionale nástup neues volk das schwarze korps völkischer beobachter history history of fascism pre 1922 1922 1945 1945 present march on rome beer hall putsch gentile reform aventine secession second italo senussi war libyan genocide german election of 1932 enabling act austrian civil war exhibition of the fascist revolution 1934 montreux fascist conference second italo ethiopian war 1935 revolution day zócalo battle spanish civil war unification decree battle of cable street anti comintern pact kristallnacht italian invasion of albania pact of steel peasant march world war ii the holocaust genocide of serbs in croatia downfall in italy downfall in germany downfall in thailand downfall in yugoslavia surrender of japan nuremberg trials international military tribunal for the far east variants albanian arab argentine nacionalismo orthodox peronism austrian austrian nazism brazilian brazilian integralism british christian clerical crypto croat eco falangism francoism pétainism valoisism hindutva hungarism ibañism ilminism irish islamic italian intransigent japanese emperor system statism restoration ultra techno nazism austrian hitlerism strasserism swedish neo finnish legionarism pan turkic rexism romanian neo romanianism stelism russian swiss syndicalist syrian third position national anarchism national bolshevism nazi maoism uruguayan marzism revisionism sosism by continent asia europe bulgaria netherlands russia north america canada united states south america peru uruguay related topics anti fascism axis powers donald trump and fascism extremism of the centre fascist as an insult feudal fascism glossary of fascist italy lebensphilosophie mediterraneanism para fascism paramilitary post fascism proto fascism red fascism social fascism politics portal v t e main articles anti comintern pact tripartite pact and pact of steel the term axis was first applied to the italo german relationship by the italian prime minister benito mussolini in september 1923 when he wrote in the preface to roberto suster s la germania repubblicana that there is no doubt that in this moment the axis of european history passes through berlin non v ha dubbio che in questo momento l asse della storia europea passa per berlino 7 at the time he was seeking an alliance with the weimar republic against yugoslavia and france in the dispute over the free state of fiume 8 the term was used by hungary s prime minister gyula gömbös when advocating an alliance of hungary with germany and italy in the early 1930s 9 gömbös efforts did affect the italo hungarian rome protocols but his sudden death in 1936 while negotiating with germany in munich and the arrival of kálmán darányi his successor ended hungary s involvement in pursuing a trilateral axis 9 contentious negotiations between the italian foreign minister galeazzo ciano and the german ambassador ulrich von hassell resulted in a nine point protocol signed by ciano and his german counterpart konstantin von neurath in 1936 when mussolini publicly announced the signing on 1 november he proclaimed the creation of a rome berlin axis 8 initial proposals of a german italian alliance italy under duce benito mussolini had pursued a strategic alliance of italy with germany against france since the early 1920s 10 prior to becoming head of government in italy as leader of the italian fascist movement mussolini had advocated alliance with defeated germany after the paris peace conference 1919 1920 settled world war i 10 he believed that italy could expand its influence in europe by allying with germany against france 10 in early 1923 as a goodwill gesture to germany italy secretly delivered weapons for the reichswehr which had faced major disarmament under the provisions of the treaty of versailles 10 since the 1920s italy had identified the year 1935 as a crucial date for preparing for a war against france as 1935 was the year when germany s obligations under the treaty of versailles were scheduled to expire 11 meetings took place in berlin in 1924 between italian general luigi capello and prominent figures in the german military such as von seeckt and erich ludendorff over military collaboration between germany and italy the discussions concluded that germans still wanted a war of revenge against france but were short on weapons and hoped that italy could assist germany 12 however at this time mussolini stressed one important condition that italy must pursue in an alliance with germany that italy must tow them not be towed by them 10 italian foreign minister dino grandi in the early 1930s stressed the importance of decisive weight involving italy s relations between france and germany in which he recognized that italy was not yet a major power but perceived that italy did have strong enough influence to alter the political situation in europe by placing the weight of its support onto one side or another and sought to balance relations between the three 13 14 danube alliance dispute over austria adolf hitler führer and reich chancellor of the german people 1933 1945 in 1933 adolf hitler and the nazi party came to power in germany hitler had advocated an alliance between germany and italy since the 1920s 15 shortly after being appointed chancellor of germany hitler sent a personal message to mussolini declaring admiration and homage and declaring his anticipation of the prospects of german italian friendship and even alliance 16 hitler was aware that italy held concerns over potential german land claims on south tyrol and assured mussolini that germany was not interested in south tyrol hitler in mein kampf had declared that south tyrol was a non issue considering the advantages that would be gained from a german italian alliance after hitler s rise to power the four power directorate proposal by italy had been looked at with interest by britain but hitler was not committed to it resulting in mussolini urging hitler to consider the diplomatic advantages germany would gain by breaking out of isolation by entering the directorate and avoiding an immediate armed conflict 17 the four power directorate proposal stipulated that germany would no longer be required to have limited arms and would be granted the right to re armament under foreign supervision in stages 18 hitler completely rejected the idea of controlled rearmament under foreign supervision 18 mussolini did not trust hitler s intentions regarding anschluss nor hitler s promise of no territorial claims on south tyrol 19 mussolini informed hitler that he was satisfied with the presence of the anti marxist government of engelbert dollfuss in the first austrian republic and warned hitler that he was adamantly opposed to anschluss 19 hitler responded in contempt to mussolini that he intended to throw dollfuss into the sea 19 with this disagreement over austria relations between hitler and mussolini steadily became more distant 19 hitler attempted to break the impasse with italy over austria by sending hermann göring to negotiate with mussolini in 1933 to convince mussolini to press austria to appoint austrian nazis to the government 20 göring claimed that nazi domination of austria was inevitable and that italy should accept this as well as repeating to mussolini of hitler s promise to regard the question of the south tyrol frontier as finally liquidated by the peace treaties 20 in response to göring s visit with mussolini dollfuss immediately went to italy to counter any german diplomatic headway 20 dollfuss claimed that his government was actively challenging marxists in austria and claimed that once the marxists were defeated in austria that support for austria s nazis would decline 20 in june 1934 hitler and mussolini met for the first time in venice the meeting did not proceed 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