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1888 1903 cloisonnism was conceived by émile bernard and immediately taken up and developed by paul gauguin and others while at an artists colony in pont aven brittany france the style resembled cloisonné enamel or stained glass with flat bold colors outlined in black or dark colors synthetism exemplified in the work of gauguin and paul sérusier is slightly a broader term with less emphasis on dark outlines and cloisonné qualities other artist include cuno amiet louis anquetin charles filiger jacob meyer de haan charles laval and armand seguin their work greatly influenced fauvism and expressionism les nabis c 1890 1905 hebrew for prophets or illuminati was a larger movement in france and belgium that eclectically drew on progressive elements in synthetism neo impressionism symbolism and art nouveau perhaps more influential than the art were the numerous theories manifestoes and infectious enthusiasm for the avant garde setting the tone for the proliferation of movements and isms in the first quarter of the 20th century la revue blanche often published les nabis and symbolist content the work of édouard vuillard 248 249 and pierre bonnard 250 251 ca 1890 1910 is exemplary of les nabis though both evolved in their styles and produced significant work into the 1940s other artist include maurice denis maxime dethomas meyer de haan henri gabriel ibels georges lacombe aristide maillol paul ranson ker xavier roussel armand séguin paul sérusier félix vallotton jan verkade and others 218 246 247 the starry night by vincent van gogh 1889 oil on canvas height 73 7 cm museum of modern art new york city félix fénéon by paul signac 1890 oil on canvas 73 5 x 92 5 cm museum of modern art new york city 235 aha oe feii are you jealous by paul gauguin 1892 oil on canvas 68 x 92 cm pushkin museum moscow russia 235 at the moulin rouge by henri de toulouse lautrec 1892 1895 oil on canvas 1 23 1 41 m art institute of chicago 235 the bathers by paul cézanne 1898 1905 oil on canvas 210 5 cm 250 8 cm philadelphia museum of art philadelphia us early 20th century edit see also 20th century western painting the history of 20th century art is a narrative of endless possibilities and the search for new standards each being torn down in succession by the next the art movements of fauvism expressionism cubism abstract art dadaism and surrealism led to further explorations of new creative styles and manners of expression increasing global interaction during this time saw an equivalent influence of other cultures into western art such as pablo picasso being influenced by iberian sculpture african sculpture and primitivism japonism and japanese woodcuts which had themselves been influenced by western renaissance draftsmanship had an immense influence on impressionism and subsequent artistic developments the influential example set by paul gauguin s interest in oceanic art and the sudden popularity among the cognoscenti in early 20th century paris of newly discovered african fetish sculptures and other works from non european cultures were taken up by picasso henri matisse and many of their colleagues later in the 20th century pop art and abstract expressionism came to prominence art nouveau c 1890 1914 edit main article art nouveau porte dauphine métro station paris by hector guimard 1900 252 ernst ludwig house in darmstadt artists colony darmstadt germany by joseph maria olbrich 1900 art nouveau french new art was an international and widespread art and design movement that emerged in the final decades of the 19th century until the first world war in 1914 it was catapulted into international prominence with the 1900 exposition universelle in paris developing almost simultaneously in parts of europe and the us it was an attempt to create a unique and modern form of expression that evoked the spirit of the new century it manifested in painting illustration sculpture jewellery metalwork glass ceramics textiles graphic design furniture architecture costume design and fashion art nouveau artists aimed to raise the status of craft and design to the level of fine art the movement is highly associated with sinuous organic forms such as flowers vines and leaves but also insects and animals through the works of artists like alphonse mucha victor horta hector guimard antoni gaudí rené lalique otto eckmann or émile gallé art nouveau designs and buildings can often be asymmetrical although there are identifying characteristics the style also displayed many regional and national interpretations despite being a short lived fashion it paved the way for the modern architecture and design of the 20th century it was the first architectural style without historic precedent the 19th century being notorious for a practice known as historicism which is the use of visual styles that consciously echo the style of a previous artistic era between c 1870 and 1900 a crisis of historicism occurred during which the historicist culture was critiqued one of the voices being friedrich nietzsche in 1874 who diagnosed a malignant historical fervour as one of the crippling symptoms of a modern culture burdened by archaeological study and faith in the laws of historical progression despite this art nouveau was also heavily influenced by styles from the past such as celtic gothic and rococo art and also by the arts and crafts movement aestheticism symbolism and especially by japanese art 253 254 fauvism c 1898 1909 edit main article fauvism fauvism emerged from post impressionism gradually developing into the first major movement of the 20th century its genesis was in 1895 when henri matisse the oldest and central figure entered the studio of gustave moreau at the ecole des beaux arts there he met georges rouault charles camoin henri manguin and albert marquet marquet said as early as 1898 matisse and i were working in what was later to be called the fauve manner the first exhibitions at the indepéndants in which we were i believe the only ones to paint in pure tones go back to 1901 255 by 1902 03 the circle of like minded artist had grown to include georges braque andré derain raoul dufy othon friesz jean metzinger jean puy louis valtat kees van dongen and maurice de vlaminck during this period a number of influential retrospective exhibitions were held in paris seurat 1900 1905 van gogh 1901 1905 toulouse lautrec 1902 gauguin 1906 cézanne 1907 all relatively unknown to the public at that time matisse and derain collected african carvings a novel but growing curiosity of the time matisse spent the summer of 1904 in saint tropez painting with the neo impressionist paul signac and henri edmond cross followed in 1905 by camoin manguin and marquet the artists exhibited regularity at the salon des indepéndants and the salon d automne 1903 1908 and in 1905 their work created a sensation and a scandal matisse stated we were exhibiting at the salon d automne derain manguin marquet puy and a few others were hung together in one of the larger galleries in the center of this room the sculptor marque exhibited a bust of a child very much in the italian style vauxcelles art critic for gil blas entered the room and said well well donatello in the mist of wild beasts donatello chez les fauves 256 the movement had not been perceived as an entity by the public but once published the name stuck unlike the impressionist and their long struggle for acceptance the avant garde had an eager audience by 1906 1907 and the fauvist were attracting collectors from america to russia however fauvism largely dissolved in 1908 as cubism appeared most of the artist began exploring other styles and moving in different directions only matisse and dufy continued to explore fauvism into the 1950s 255 257 258 259 260 the fauvist painted landscapes en plein air interiors figures and still lifes following examples of realism impressionism and post impressionism they applied paint with loose brushstrokes in thick unnatural often contrasting vibrant colors at times straight from the tube gauguin s influence with his exploration of the expressive values and spatial aspects of patterning with flat pure colors as well as his interest in primitivism were significant as was neo impressionism matisse explained for a long time color served as a complement of design the painters of the renaissance constructed the picture by line adding local color afterwards writing from delacroix to van gogh and chiefly to gauguin by way of the impressionist who cleared the ground and cézanne who gave the final impulse and introduced colored volumes we can follow this rehabilitation of color s function this restoration of its emotive power 255 fauvism was the culmination in a shift from drawing and line as the fundamental foundations of design in painting to color and they depicted their subjects on the verge of abstraction 255 257 258 259 260 woman with a hat by henri matisse 1905 oil on canvas 80 7 x 59 7 cm san francisco museum of modern art san francisco us 261 fauve landscape by louis valtat 1905 1906 oil on canvas speed art museum louisville kentucky us charing cross bridge london by andré derain 1906 oil on canvas 80 3 100 3 cm national gallery of art washington d c us la ciotat by othon friesz 1907 oil on canvas 65 7 by 81 cm unknown collection expressionism c 1905 1930 edit main article expressionism street berlin by ernst ludwig kirchner 1913 oil on canvas 1 21 x 0 91 m museum of modern art new york city 262 expressionism was an international movement in painting sculpture the graphic arts poetry literature theater film and architecture some associate the second viennese school and other music of the period with the movement most historians place the beginning of expressionism in 1905 with the founding of die brücke the bridge in dresden germany however several artists were producing influential work in the spirit of expressionism c 1885 1905 including lovis corinth james ensor käthe kollwitz paula modersohn becker edvard munch emil nolde and christian rohlfs among others many of these artists later exhibited and associated with various expressionist groups expressionist painting is characterized by loose spontaneous often thick impasto brushwork it often conveyed how the artist felt about their subject opposed to what it looked like putting intuition and gut feelings over realistic representations or art theories expressionism was frequently infused with an angst or joy and an overall engagement with contemporary life and social issues that was often absent from fauvism s focus on design and color applied to neutral subjects woodcut prints are particularly noteworthy in expressionism expressionism can sometimes overlap and integrate with other styles and movements such as symbolism fauvism cubism futurism abstraction and dada several groups and factions of expressionists appeared at various times and places 218 247 263 264 die brücke aspired to connect all revolutionary and surging elements 263 it was founded by four architectural students ernst ludwig kirchner erich heckel karl schmidt rottluff and fritz bleyl sharing a studio in dresden they produced paintings carvings prints and organized exhibitions separating in the summer to work independently their first exhibit was in 1905 later joined by emil nolde and max pechstein in 1906 and otto mueller in 1910 among others influences included gothic art primitivism art nouveau and developments in paris particularly van gogh and fauvism the group shifted to berlin in 1911 and later dissolved in 1913 der blaue reiter the blue rider 1911 1914 founded by wassily kandinsky and franz marc was a relatively informal group that organized exhibitions of art from paris and europe as well their own it was one in a series of increasingly progressive groups splitting from the art academy in munich including the munich secession in 1892 realist and impressionist phalanx in 1901 postimpressionist neue kunstler vereiningung in 1909 and the blue rider in 1911 artist associated with the latter two groups included the burliuk brothers heinrich campendonk alexej von jawlensky paul klee august macke gabriele münter and marianne von werefkin the euphonious almanac der blaue reiter a collection of influential essays and kandinsky s concerning the spiritual in art with his ideas on non objective art were both published in 1912 the blue rider ended with the outbreak of world war i in which macke and marc both died 218 247 265 263 264 other artists such as oskar kokoschka egon schiele and richard gerstl emerged in austria french artist georges rouault and chaïm soutine had affinities with the movement sculptors include ernst barlach wilhelm lehmbruck gerhard marcks and william wauer architects associated with expressionism include max berg hermann finsterlin johann friedrich höger michel de klerk erich mendelsohn hans poelzig hans scharoun rudolf steiner and bruno taut der sturm the storm 1910 1932 was a magazine with much expressionist content founded by herwarth walden with an associated gallery in berlin opened in 1912 and a theater company and school opened in 1918 films regarded as expressionistic some considered as classics include the cabinet of dr caligari robert wiene 1920 nosferatu f w murnau 1922 and metropolis fritz lang 1927 218 247 265 263 264 after world war i a tendency to withdraw from the avant garde by many artist occurred seen in the work of the original fauvists during the 1920s picasso and stravinsky s neoclassical periods and de chirico s late work this tendency was called new objectivity ca 1919 1933 in germany and in contrast to the nostalgic nature of this work elsewhere it was characterized by disillusionment and ruthless social criticisms new objectivity artists mostly emerged from expressionist and dada milieus including otto dix christian schad rudolf schlichter georg scholz and jeanne mammen max beckmann and george grosz also had some association with new objectivity for a period although not intrinsically expressionistic the staatliches bauhaus school of building 1919 1933 was an influential german school merging crafts decorative and fine arts moving from weimar to dessau to berlin it changed and evolved in focus with time directors included architects walter gropius 1919 1928 hannes meyer 1928 1930 and ludwig mies van der rohe 1930 1933 at various points the faculty included josef albers theo van doesburg lyonel feininger johannes itten paul klee wassily kandinsky el lissitzky gerhard marcks lászló moholy nagy oskar schlemmer bauhaus architects greatly influenced the international style which was characterized by simplified forms a lack of ornamentation a union of design and function and the idea that mass production could be compatible with personal artistic vision as the nazi party rose to power modern art was dubbed degenerate art and the bauhaus was closed in 1933 subduing modernism in germany for several years 218 247 265 263 264 the scream by edvard munch 1893 tempera and cra...
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