Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
plague, and, theory, pandemic, black, death, contents, names, previous, epidemics, origin, causes, transmission, signs, symptoms, consequences, recurrences, see, also, footnotes, further, reading, external, links, early, predominant, modern, dna, evidence, alternative, explanations, summary, territorial, origins, europe, west, asia, north, africa, deaths, economic, environmental, persecutions, social, second, third, recent, decades, citations, bibliography,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (1066), and (336), plague (249), death (197), black (185), from (183), that (98), was (97), archived (79), original (73), retrieved (72), isbn (68), #europe (65), pandemic (63), with (60), century (59), pestis (59), for (58), history (57), 978 (57), doi (53), 2020 (50), disease (50), may (39), were (39), this (38), great (38), 2019 (38), which (35), population (34), ireland (33), pmid (33), press (33), spread (33), april (32), first (32), yersinia (32), epidemic (31), university (31), october (30), during (29), people (28), mortality (28), other (27), china (27), 000 (27), epidemics (26), 2018 (26), second (25), 2010 (25), new (25), 2015 (25), bubonic (25), have (25), had (25), 2022 (24), 2014 (24), london (24), november (24), been (24), medieval (23), 1348 (23), 2017 (23), march (23), has (22), 2016 (22), middle (22), evidence (22), some (22), more (22), december (21), world (21), 2011 (21), outbreaks (21), pmc (21), june (21), also (21), its (21), there (21), northern (20), 2008 (20), outbreak (20), 2004 (20), most (20), july (19), city (19), fleas (19), not (19), died (19), ancient (18), human (18), caused (18), 2021 (18), asia (18), years (18), between (18), 14th (18), one (17), 1346 (17), 2005 (17), bibcode (17), european (17), january (16), cholera (16), 2006 (16), 1998 (16), modern (16), north (16), but (16), 1347 (16), february (16), ages (16), infected (16), than (16), about (15), articles (15), smallpox (15), third (15), dna (15), found (15), many (15), 2023 (14), all (14), irish (14), 1353 (14), diseases (14), england (14), year (14), pestilence (14), benedictow (14), august (13), republic (13), economic (13), early (13), fever (13), 2024 (13), late (13), italy (13), medical (13), origin (13), through (13), central (13), africa (13), causes (12), measles (12), 2013 (12), 2012 (12), deaths (12), victims (12), oxford (12), after (12), two (12), their (12), encyclopedia (12), likely (12), flea (12), dead (11), english (11), united (11), states (11), national (11), 2009 (11), east (11), time (11), origins (11), s2cid (11), nature (11), are (11), byrne (11), rats (11), could (11), they (11), such (11), rat (11), period (11), areas (11), symptoms (11), until (11), transmission (11), main (11), them (11), wikipedia (10), language (10), latin (10), pandemics (10), list (10), flu (10), western (10), across (10), journal (10), into (10), before (10), 1349 (10), west (10), via (10), killed (10), million (10), source (10), where (10), over (10), theory (10), use (9), data (9), cities (9), war (9), present (9), 19th (9), dengue (9), york (9), madagascar (9), 2007 (9), 1038 (9), mediterranean (9), suggests (9), eurasia (9), later (9), his (9), times (9), bacterium (9), researchers (9), see (9), according (9), research (9), used (9), rate (9), article (9), these (9), reached (9), text (8), page (8), number (8), links (8), cs1 (8), france (8), high (8), major (8), pneumonic (8), consequences (8), plagues (8), historical (8), populations (8), 1016 (8), age (8), abc (8), green (8), four (8), gasquet (8), islamic (8), constantinople (8), news (8), issn (8), cairo (8), throughout (8), study (8), spreading (8), parts (8), historian (8), around (8), led (8), near (8), toggle (7), 2026 (7), french (7), sources (7), wayback (7), health (7), medicine (7), mass (7), chinese (7), post (7), crisis (7), famine (7), social (7), john (7), infectious (7), ebola (7), american (7), 2002 (7), empire (7), jews (7), cambridge (7), academy (7), 2001 (7), renaissance (7), fourteenth (7), analysis (7), 1351 (7), india (7), spyrou (7), strains (7), pdf (7), clio (7), now (7), known (7), 115 (7), 100 (7), infection (7), half (7), mongol (7), religious (7), ole (7), cause (7), less (7), carried (7), mors (7), germany (7), inhabitants (7), recent (7), only (7), however (7), affected (7), appearance (7), including (7), view (6), september (6), link (6), containing (6), german (6), danish (6), public (6), climate (6), out (6), since (6), southern (6), yellow (6), italian (6), 17th (6), justinian (6), spain (6), bbc (6), sciences (6), 1017 (6), sea (6), society (6), further (6), ziegler (6), walløe (6), sussman (6), old (6), cell (6), ago (6), teeth (6), impact (6), machine (6), 59884 (6), effect (6), came (6), cases (6), who (6), florence (6), due (6), while (6), being (6), least (6), probably (6), became (6), another (6), eastern (6), regions (6), much (6), 116 (6), suggest (6), name (6), began (6), others (6), any (6), person (6), ship (6), strain (6), languages (5), contents (5), search (5), commons (5), external (5), maint (5), description (5), different (5), sites (5), road (5), gaelic (5), topics (5), ulster (5), day (5), three (5), government (5), natural (5), land (5), 1800 (5), hong (5), kong (5), influenza (5), 541 (5), global (5), 2025 (5), 1894 (5), maltese (5), roman (5), russia (5), biological (5), bos (5), 1073 (5), pnas (5), proceedings (5), america (5), review (5), princeton (5), simon (5), made (5), changes (5), 1086 (5), peste (5), publishing (5), siege (5), genomes (5), bronze (5), 1893 (5), decline (5), response (5), 1908 (5), commonly (5), science (5), 1500 (5), christakos (5), say (5), fatal (5), egypt (5), santa (5), barbara (5), california (5), 164 (5), hit (5), kaffa (5), army (5), 1350 (5), originated (5), kyrgyzstan (5), reported (5), did (5), said (5), various (5), dating (5), phrase (5), when (5), physician (5), then (5), burial (5), blood (5), 121 (5), subsequent (5), still (5), almost (5), suffered (5), argued (5), centuries (5), though (5), days (5), both (5), suggested (5), 600 (5), arrived (5), records (5), common (5), often (5), described (5), genoese (5), rodents (5), move (5), subsection (5), 125 (4), contact (4), additional (4), short (4), names (4), migration (4), south (4), culture (4), process (4), economy (4), towns (4), ports (4), change (4), rebellion (4), 1922 (4), kingdom (4), britain (4), pathogens (4), hiv (4), pasteur (4), russian (4), 2003 (4), 1994 (4), 1900 (4), san (4), 18th (4), 1631 (4), 16th (4), poland (4), norway (4), 1st (4), biology (4), 112 (4), muslim (4), christian (4), 691 (4), how (4), cohn (4), trade (4), introduced (4), 126 (4), caffa (4), dynamics (4), volume (4), 15th (4), valtueña (4), sloane (4), bramanti (4), stenseth (4), introduction (4), emergence (4), neolithic (4), communities (4), 2000 (4), hecker (4), hays (4), hatty (4), body (4), gottfried (4), making (4), 150 (4), specific (4), five (4), case (4), vol (4), boydell (4), complete (4), aberth (4), sydney (4), greater (4), encyclopædia (4), britannica (4), end (4), jewish (4), based (4), 1450 (4), 253 (4), 114 (4), philip (4), boccaccio (4), living (4), lit (4), although (4), crimea (4), transmitted (4), brought (4), following (4), remains (4), gilles (4), host (4), devastated (4), team (4), published (4), whom (4), hosts (4), cite (4), skeletons (4), 110 (4), noted (4), similar (4), certain (4), yersin (4), 500 (4), already (4), appears (4), work (4), contemporary (4), 170 (4), expression (4), atra (4), here (4), needed (4), bacteria (4), among (4), isolated (4), graves (4), level (4), widespread (4), bubo (4), region (4), bodies (4), estimate (4), form (4), within (4), estimated (4), occurred (4), recurrences (4), god (4), previously (4), prior (4), travelled (4), scholars (4), because (4), those (4), spots (4), 137 (4), toll (4), approximately (4), authors (4), concluded (4), whose (4), respiratory (4), alternative (4), account (4), traders (4), silk (4), earliest (4), responsible (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), statistics (3), available (3), under (3), site (3), wikimedia (3), wikidata (3), citations (3), reliable (3), deprecated (3), archival (3), service (3), greek (3), icelandic (3), british (3), against (3), org (3), control (3), issue (3), football (3), association (3), home (3), related (3), scots (3), music (3), food (3), rights (3), local (3), house (3), law (3), border (3), notable (3), mountains (3), extreme (3), geography (3), campaign (3), rising (3), spanish (3), free (3), state (3), 1691 (3), causing (3), covid (3), aids (3), louis (3), mpox (3), 1896 (3), uganda (3), singaporean (3), mers (3), indian (3), african (3), 1999 (3), 1973 (3), francisco (3), 20th (3), 1853 (3), typhus (3), ottoman (3), 1665 (3), 165 (3), ukraine (3), books (3), schuenemann (3), 108 (3), 1600 (3), what (3), dols (3), 1978 (3), 120 (3), schuster (3), earth (3), corpses (3), rest (3), emerging (3), alternate (3), clinical (3), wagner (3), together (3), tukhbatova (3), andrades (3), s41467 (3), communications (3), revealed (3), snowden (3), slavin (3), summer (3), hdl (3), lake (3), schmid (3), successive (3), roosen (3), curtis (3), rasmussen (3), 176 (3), parker (3), money (3), wages (3), genetics (3), genome (3), phylogenetic (3), moore (3), 1995 (3), 111 (3), horrox (3), cultural (3), haensch (3), 1371 (3), plos (3), pub (3), von (3), glahn (3), gilbert (3), 354 (3), urban (3), detection (3), burials (3), coast (3), epidemiology (3), waves (3), very (3), changed (3), civilization (3), bennett (3), hollister (3), dictionary (3), 134 (3), centers (3), drug (3), resistant (3), scientists (3), 1850 (3), 1340 (3), com (3), read (3), 1750 (3), facts (3), 106 (3), vinario (3), chalmel (3), 1382 (3), course (3), daileader (3), development (3), indicates (3), mark (3), francis (3), aidan (3), 1400 (3), 254 (3), permanent (3), physical (3), 1352 (3), beginning (3), close (3), reaching (3), chronicon (3), cited (3), ships (3), complex (3), interpretation (3), baker (3), widely (3), struck (3), achtman (3), species (3), rodent (3), marmots (3), back (3), guardian (3), dental (3), pulp (3), become (3), several (3), presence (3), simond (3), identified (3), associated (3), same (3), debate (3), nigra (3), indeed (3), pestilential (3), men (3), despite (3), members (3), small (3), accounts (3), large (3), well (3), buried (3), suggesting (3), pre (3), figure (3), like (3), numerous (3), gavocciolo (3), vomiting (3), endemic (3), repeatedly (3), grave (3), does (3), agent (3), addition (3), footnotes (3), include (3), thousands (3), decades (3), followed (3), resulted (3), leading (3), humans (3), alone (3), pathogen (3), sometimes (3), thirty (3), seven (3), smaller (3), recorded (3), severe (3), particularly (3), cardinal (3), can (3), turn (3), forms (3), explain (3), result (3), increased (3), labour (3), better (3), 158 (3), europeans (3), astrological (3), skin (3), poor (3), tax (3), along (3), citizens (3), possibly (3), months (3), illness (3), children (3), 142 (3), nearly (3), die (3), 1338 (3), far (3), scandinavia (3), book (3), periods (3), 200 (3), septicemic (3), would (3), nodes (3), buboes (3), bites (3), groin (3), left (3), signs (3), sicily (3), fled (3), recurred (3), established (3), galleys (3), predominant (3), referring (3), way (3), historians (3), norris (3), specifically (3), argues (3), lack (3), scale (3), yuan (3), issyk (3), kul (3), role (3), supported (3), previous (3), discovered (3), territorial (3), explanations (3), model (3), oriental (3), vector (3), confirmed (3), genetic (3), feeding (3), called (3), cemeteries (3), describe (3), tools (3), table (2), code (2), conduct (2), legal (2), privacy (2), policy (2), terms (2), you (2), registered (2), non (2), organization (2), inc (2), last (2), categories (2), category (2), lacking (2), references (2), periodical (2), pages (2), disasters (2), 1350s (2), 1340s (2), yale (2), israel (2), portal (2), houses (2), outside (2), place (2), media (2), historic (2), heritage (2), red (2), hand (2), arms (2), flags (2), coats (2), union (2), department (2), affairs (2), demographics (2), romani (2), groups (2), hiberno (2), anglo (2), kings (2), fenian (2), cycles (2), gaeilge (2), literature (2), rose (2), dance (2), peace (2), lgbt (2), education (2), method (2), upper (2), éireann (2), lower (2), relations (2), counties (2), buildings (2), structures (2), points (2), ira (2), rule (2), act (2), 1798 (2), 1652 (2), conquest (2), events (2), 1937 (2), 1921 (2), 1923 (2), 1536 (2), 1169 (2), 800 (2), prehistory (2), timeline (2), 1981 (2), 1918 (2), 1920 (2), robert (2), typhoid (2), polio (2), clade (2), swine (2), seventh (2), asian (2), encephalitis (2), 1863 (2), fourth (2), 1855 (2), 1860 (2), 1829 (2), 1557 (2), 1559 (2), 1510 (2), congo (2), zealand (2), province (2), pacific (2), nipah (2), virus (2), japanese (2), hepatitis (2), chikungunya (2), pakistani (2), 1977 (2), 1974 (2), 1972 (2), 1904 (2), australia (2), northwest (2), street (2), 1847 (2), 1813 (2), 1772 (2), 1738 (2), 1720 (2), marseille (2), iceland (2), 1633 (2), 1644 (2), ming (2), dynasty (2), massachusetts (2), 1623 (2), 1592 (2), 1593 (2), 1563 (2), mexico (2), 1485 (2), 664 (2), 627 (2), 180 (2), athens (2), holy (2), persecution (2), our (2), 521 (2), mittnik (2), 2011pnas (2), targeted (2), scott (2), duncan (2), mcneill (2), proquest (2), bulletin (2), comparative (2), responses (2), viator (2), deadly (2), wake (2), bauch (2), büntgen (2), 025 (2), driven (2), grain (2), devastating (2), reading (2), zuchora (2), walske (2), wheelis (2), 3201 (2), warfare (2), welford (2), bossak (2), spatiotemporal (2), 1111 (2), supplement (2), waglechner (2), genomic (2), 326 (2), 319 (2), tuchman (2), tignor (2), company (2), worlds (2), apart (2), beginnings (2), wang (2), 2234 (2), 29884871 (2), 5993720 (2), 018 (2), 04550 (2), 2018natco (2), 2234s (2), 3800 (2), 7524 (2), 2829 (2), interdisciplinary (2), violence (2), stone (2), twenty (2), scheidel (2), samia (2), system (2), 103 (2), nielsen (2), sjögren (2), 163 (2), rascovan (2), porter (2), payne (2), portugal (2), wiley (2), 631 (2), nirenberg (2), netzley (2), 375 (2), life (2), nauert (2), munro (2), prices (2), morelli (2), sequencing (2), patterns (2), 1987 (2), kraut (2), travelers (2), karlsson (2), issawi (2), 1988 (2), documentary (2), manchester (2), 1859 (2), translated (2), transformation (2), signoli (2), kacki (2), distinct (2), haddock (2), kiesling (2), property (2), 1093 (2), afriques (2), white (2), prentice (2), microbiology (2), george (2), project (2), echenberg (2), dick (2), 141 (2), 132 (2), archaeological (2), methods (2), 927 (2), upon (2), dean (2), davis (2), slaves (2), barbary (2), olea (2), springer (2), modelling (2), chase (2), random (2), group (2), 313 (2), brotton (2), 024 (2), perspective (2), 478 (2), draft (2), 84383 (2), 214 (2), barras (2), greub (2), alchon (2), arrizabalaga (2), bjork (2), 866262 (2), haak (2), current (2), routledge (2), bibliography (2), prevention (2), alexandra (2), worst (2), threat (2), istanbul (2), calgary (2), karl (2), quarantine (2), fall (2), kate (2), linked (2), past (2), show (2), why (2), library (2), raimundo (2), magister (2), raimundus (2), 101 (2), produced (2), ever (2), gene (2), duration (2), 674 (2), suffering (2), 107 (2), rise (2), 769344478 (2), oclc (2), berlin (2), netherlands (2), james (2), baltic (2), moscow (2), controversial (2), genovese (2), mongols (2), experienced (2), chronicler (2), quite (2), throwing (2), cadavers (2), besieged (2), given (2), highly (2), might (2), localized (2), similarly (2), angliae (2), edwardi (2), 328 (2), creighton (2), 153 (2), eroshenko (2), geneticists (2), sunday (2), online (2), nothing (2), crowded (2), finds (2), wade (2), traced (2), 169 (2), 814043 (2), 145 (2), veterinary (2), washington (2), explanation (2), wrong (2), cnn (2), drancourt (2), 12637 (2), intestinal (2), bacillus (2), nous (2), des (2), 1898 (2), annales (2), institut (2), gallica (2), projects (2), 159 (2), maria (2), 606 (2), patient (2), zero (2), apple (2), siberia (2), rewrite (2), everything (2), 109278 (2), reports (2), hunter (2), 130 (2), jørgen (2), shows (2), pontanus (2), penrose (2), elizabeth (2), 152 (2), manuscript (2), king (2), ended (2), him (2), poem (2), 1841 (2), composed (2), 1907 (2), signis (2), symptomatibus (2), aegritudium (2), corbeil (2), seneca (2), homer (2), odyssey (2), friedrich (2), der (2), schwarze (2), tod (2), den (2), sorte (2), svarti (2), dauði (2), notes (2), 1755 (2), reference (2), geographic (2), deadliest (2), cure (2), upheaval (2), political (2), continued (2), conditions (2), report (2), pits (2), preserved (2), individuals (2), pointing (2), dying (2), ran (2), closer (2), 135 (2), conspicuous (2), remarkable (2), infallible (2), token (2), approaching (2), possible (2), special (2), characteristic (2), lungs (2), coming (2), breath (2), think (2), occur (2), roughly (2), cast (2), identification (2), techniques (2), employed (2), tooth (2), able (2), accepted (2), prevalent (2), higher (2), antibiotics (2), again (2), killing (2), infecting (2), resistance (2), twelve (2), mid (2), named (2), alexandre (2), animals (2), ravaged (2), every (2), lost (2), 1654 (2), fifty (2), final (2), event (2), thirds (2), baghdad (2), 750 (2), geoffrey (2), biraben (2), fifteenth (2), witnessed (2), class (2), multitude (2), personal (2), blessed (2), manifestations (2), piety (2), churches (2), proved (2), striking (2), characterised (2), church (2), progress (2), whole (2), necessary (2), rites (2), religion (2), even (2), insufficient (2), numbers (2), immediate (2), turned (2), feeling (2), took (2), priest (2), word (2), prevent (2), isolation (2), 1377 (2), forty (2), continent (2), considered (2), forces (2), survivors (2), spirituality (2), fiefs (2), abundant (2), factors (2), combination (2), reduction (2), byzantine (2), resulting (2), rather (2), 155 (2), loss (2), reasons (2), believed (2), poisoning (2), lepers (2), pilgrims (2), persecutions (2), environmental (2), rents (2), difficult (2), deceased (2), largest (2), eight (2), child (2), strike (2), none (2), bury (2), without (2), dug (2), hundreds (2), soon (2), agnolo (2), tura (2), regain (2), ill (2), tenth (2), survived (2), never (2), master (2), rapidly (2), perished (2), authorities (2), paris (2), reduced (2), appear (2), especially (2), descriptions (2), 104 (2), contagion (2), 136 (2), clement (2), information (2), figures (2), varied (2), longer (2), samples (2), agricultural (2), demographic (2), untreated (2), lymph (2), sputum (2), acute (2), itself (2), armpits (2), thigh (2), few (2), showed (2), neck (2), general (2), inguinal (2), showing (2), sultan (2), mamluk (2), alexandria (2), tunis (2), morocco (2), eastward (2), residents (2), territory (2), autumn (2), single (2), 13th (2), basin (2), sultanate (2), serious (2), epidemiologists (2), finally (2), country (2), point (2), towards (2), wrote (2), bce (2), writing (2), reportedly (2), port (2), mainly (2), jani (2), beg (2), golden (2), horde (2), alive (2), monica (2), kurdistan (2), fell (2), clear (2), arriving (2), writings (2), remain (2), 1339 (2), inscriptions (2), direct (2), area (2), evolved (2), sampling (2), date (2), tian (2), shan (2), help (2), results (2), examination (2), hypothesis (2), summary (2), lice (2), means (2), spike (2), estimates (2), publication (2), usually (2), traces (2), ancestor (2), smithfield (2), unambiguously (2), variant (2), organism (2), mechanism (2), blockage (2), thus (2), dark (2), xenopsylla (2), cheopis (2), primary (2), conjunction (2), doctors (2), finding (2), earlier (2), young (2), side (2), attested (2), appeared (2), reign (2), malignant (2), sun (2), swedish (2), effects (2), refer (2), saturn (2), calque (2), mortalitas (2), applied (2), disambiguation (2), upload (2), file (2), edit (2), norsk (2), bahasa (2), беларуская (2), log (2), create (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, developers, safety, contacts, disclaimers, apply, using, agree, trademark, profit, foundation, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, utc, hidden, needing, permanently, webarchive, template, 1453, dmy, dates, written, semi, protected, vandalism, eurasian, https, index, php, title, black_death, oldid, 1375709661, lux, idref, bnf, fast, international, authority, databases, squatting, holidays, prostitution, monastic, libraries, homelessness, cinema, castles, calendar, shamrock, coat, wolfhound, county, cláirseach, brighid, cross, symbols, rugby, rounders, bowling, martial, arts, hurling, handball, camogie, sport, stamp, justice, turks, poles, asians, nigerians, lithuanians, filipinos, brazilians, americans, immigration, travellers, normans, gaels, diaspora, legendary, creatures, fomorians, firbolg, tuatha, danann, immrama, echtrai, aos, mythological, mythology, traditional, singing, rock, instruments, session, folk, céilí, ballads, triads, theatre, poetry, fiction, annals, shelta, wren, halloween, samhain, tralee, lúnasa, twelfth, bealtaine, saint, patrick, imbolc, festivals, stepdance, set, dancing, sean, nós, jig, whiskey, tea, poitín, mist, guinness, cream, coffee, drinks, stew, spice, bag, soda, bread, skirts, kidneys, fry, drisheen, colcannon, coddle, champ, boxty, bacon, cabbage, barmbrack, dishes, cuisine, hondt, assembly, taxation, president, seanad, dáil, parliament, oireachtas, enforcement, foreign, corruption, constitution, censorship, unionism, loyalism, republicanism, nationalism, ideologies, politics, transport, tourist, attractions, tourism, roi, provinces, tallest, architecture, parks, rivers, loughs, islands, fauna, coastline, clothing, fashion, kingdoms, tribes, conflicts, banking, downturn, celtic, tiger, troubles, emergency, civil, treaty, independence, easter, dublin, lock, tithe, 1803, penal, laws, williamite, settlement, cromwellian, confederate, 1641, plantation, flight, earls, tyrone, armada, desmond, rebellions, tudor, bruce, norman, invasion, clontarf, glenmama, battles, tara, 1801, lordship, protohistory, viruses, eradication, discovery, snow, ignaz, semmelweis, jonas, salk, koch, edward, jenner, maurice, hilleman, alexander, fleming, tuberculosis, syphilis, malaria, leprosy, individual, 1968, 1970, 1961, 1975, 1957, 1958, 1919, 1930, lethargica, 1899, sixth, 1889, 1890, 1881, fifth, 1879, 1852, 1851, 1816, 1826, 767, kasaï, sudanese, argentina, bangsamoro, jamaica, drc, tonga, kuala, koh, philippine, samoa, kivu, équateur, kerala, saudi, arabian, gorakhpur, yemeni, angolan, zika, korean, declaration, odisha, swansea, darfur, haiti, meningitis, gujarat, bolivian, zimbabwean, iraqi, avian, midwest, sars, 21st, malaysian, surat, 1979, yugoslav, 1963, wrocław, 1947, nyc, croydon, 1924, 1910, 1911, manchurian, 1875, 1876, scarlet, 1871, buenos, aires, 1870, barcelona, 1862, 1856, guam, 1854, broad, stockholm, copenhagen, 1848, 1837, 1838, plains, groningen, caragea, 1814, 1812, 1819, 1793, philadelphia, 1780, 1782, persian, 1770, 1722, 1710, 1712, 1707, 1708, 1679, vienna, 1675, 1676, 1666, 1656, naples, 1655, 1647, seville, 1629, 1603, 1564, 1545, 1576, cocoliztli, colonial, 1520, mexican, 1551, sweating, sickness, 735, 737, 689, 638, 639, amwas, 628, sheroe, 590, 542, classical, 250, 266, cyprian, antonine, 429, 426, 1330, hittite, sweden, kiev, denmark, cronaca, fiorentina, marchionne, coppo, stefani, thematic, twigg, 1985, schocken, 7134, 4618, reappraisal, shrewsbury, univ, 02247, isles, dewitte
Text of the page (random words):
t necessary public ministrations of the rites of religion the most inadequately prepared subjects had to be accepted and even these could be obtained only in insufficient numbers the immediate effect on the people was a religious paralysis instead of turning men to god the scourge turned them to despair in time the religious sense and feeling revived but in many respects it took a new tone and its manifestations ran in new channels characterised by a devotional and more self reflective cast than previously the new religious spirit found outward expression in the multitude of guilds which sprang into existence at this time in the remarkable and almost as it may seem to some extravagant development of certain pious practices in the singular spread of a more personal devotion to the blessed sacrament to the blessed virgin to the five wounds to the holy name and other such manifestations of a more tender or more familiar piety at the close of the fourteenth century and during the course of the fifteenth the supply of ornaments furniture plate statues painted or in highly decked coats with which the churches were literally encumbered as time went on proved a striking contrast to the comparative simplicity which characterised former days as witnessed by a comparison of inventories in fact the fifteenth century witnessed the beginnings of a great middle class movement which can be distinctly traced to the effect of the great pestilence cardinal francis aidan gasquet 121 xvii recurrences second plague pandemic main article second plague pandemic the great plague of london in 1665 killed up to 100 000 people the plague repeatedly returned to haunt europe and the mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries 168 according to jean noël biraben the plague was present somewhere in europe in every year between 1346 and 1671 although some researchers have cautions about the uncritical use of biraben s data 169 170 the second pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years 1360 1363 1374 1400 1438 1439 1456 1457 1464 1466 1481 1485 1500 1503 1518 1531 1544 1548 1563 1566 1573 1588 1596 1599 1602 1611 1623 1640 1644 1654 and 1664 1667 subsequent outbreaks though severe marked the plague s retreat from most of europe 18th century and north africa 19th century 171 historian george sussman argued that the plague had not occurred in east africa until the 20th century 87 however other sources suggest that the second pandemic did indeed reach sub saharan africa 114 a plague doctor and his typical apparel during the 17th century outbreak according to historian geoffrey parker france alone it is estimated that at least two million people died from the disease between 1600 and 1670 no fewer than 750 000 of them almost five percent of the kingdom s population during the severe epidemic of 1628 1632 172 in the first half of the 17th century a plague killed some 1 7 million people in italy 173 more than 1 25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th century spain 174 the black death ravaged much of the islamic world 175 plague could be found in the islamic world almost every year between 1500 and 1850 sometimes the outbreaks affected small areas while other outbreaks affected multiple regions 176 plague repeatedly struck the cities of north africa algiers lost 30 000 50 000 inhabitants to it in 1620 1621 and again in 1654 1657 1665 1691 and 1740 1742 177 cairo suffered more than fifty plague epidemics within 150 years from the plague s first appearance with the final outbreak of the second pandemic there in the 1840s 116 plague remained a major event in ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century between 1701 and 1750 thirty seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in constantinople and an additional thirty one between 1751 and 1800 178 baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague and sometimes two thirds of its population died 179 third plague pandemic main article third plague pandemic worldwide distribution of plague infected animals 1998 the third plague pandemic 1855 1960 started in china in the mid 19th century spreading to all inhabited continents and killing 10 million people in india alone 180 the investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited hong kong in 1894 among whom was the french swiss bacteriologist alexandre yersin for whom the pathogen was named 59 twelve plague outbreaks in australia between 1900 and 1925 resulted in over 1 000 deaths chiefly in sydney this led to the establishment of a public health department there which undertook some leading edge research on plague transmission from rat fleas to humans via the bacillus yersinia pestis 181 the first north american plague epidemic was the san francisco plague of 1900 1904 followed by another outbreak in 1907 1908 182 183 184 recent decades treatment methods include insecticides the use of antibiotics and a plague vaccine it is feared that the plague bacterium could develop drug resistance and again become a major health threat one case of a drug resistant form of the bacterium was found in madagascar in 1995 185 another outbreak in madagascar was reported in november 2014 186 in october 2017 the deadliest outbreak of the plague in modern times hit madagascar killing 170 people and infecting thousands 187 an estimate of the case fatality rate for the modern plague after the introduction of antibiotics is 11 although it may be higher in underdeveloped regions 188 see also flagellant globalization and disease footnotes declining temperatures following the end of the medieval warm period added to the crisis he was able to adopt the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the black death for the second edition in 1908 implicating rats and fleas in the process and his interpretation was widely accepted for other ancient and medieval epidemics such as the plague of justinian that was prevalent in the eastern roman empire from 541 to 700 23 in 1998 drancourt et al reported the detection of y pestis dna in human dental pulp from a medieval grave 60 another team led by tom gilbert cast doubt on this identification 61 and the techniques employed stating that this method does not allow us to confirm the identification of y pestis as the aetiological agent of the black death and subsequent plagues in addition the utility of the published tooth based ancient dna technique used to diagnose fatal bacteraemias in historical epidemics still awaits independent corroboration however other researchers do not think that plague ever became endemic in europe or its rat population the disease repeatedly wiped out the rodent carriers so that the fleas died out until a new outbreak from central asia repeated the process the outbreaks have been shown to occur roughly 15 years after a warmer and wetter period in areas where plague is endemic in other species such as gerbils 111 112 in britain the special symptoms characteristic of the plague of 1348 9 were four in number 1 gangrenous inflammation of the throat and lungs 2 violent pains in the region of the chest 3 the vomiting and spitting of blood and 4 the pestilential odour coming from the bodies and breath of the sick 121 the only medical detail that is questionable in boccaccio s description is that the gavocciolo was an infallible token of approaching death as if the bubo discharges recovery is possible 124 norwegian historian ole benedictow suggests detailed study of the mortality data available points to two conspicuous features in relation to the mortality caused by the black death namely the extreme level of mortality caused by the black death and the remarkable similarity or consistency of the level of mortality from spain in southern europe to england in north western europe the data is sufficiently widespread and numerous to make it likely that the black death swept away around 60 of europe s population the generally assumed population of europe at the time is about 80 million implying that around 50 million people died in the black death 134 according to medieval historian philip daileader the trend of recent research is pointing to a figure more like 45 50 of the european population dying during a four year period there is a fair amount of geographic variation in mediterranean europe areas such as italy the south of france and spain where plague ran for about four years consecutively it was probably closer to 75 80 of the population in germany and england it was probably closer to 20 135 while contemporary accounts report mass burial pits being created in response to the large number of dead recent scientific investigations of a burial pit in central london found well preserved individuals to be buried in isolated evenly spaced graves suggesting at least some pre planning and christian burials at this time 139 the black death caused greater upheaval to florence s social and political structure than later epidemics despite a significant number of deaths among members of the ruling classes the government of florence continued to function during this period formal meetings of elected representatives were suspended during the height of the epidemic due to the chaotic conditions in the city but a small group of officials was appointed to conduct the affairs of the city which ensured continuity of government 159 citations lawton graham 25 may 2022 wilson emily ed plague black death bacteria persists and could cause a pandemic new scientist london issn 0262 4079 archived from the original on 30 may 2022 retrieved 31 may 2022 sources for deaths aberth 2021 p 1 benedictow 2021 pp 869 877 christakos et al 2005 page needed mukherjee andy 29 march 2020 economic life after covid 19 lessons from the black death the economic times archived from the original on 21 june 2020 retrieved 4 april 2020 aberth 2010 pp 9 13 alchon 2003 p 21 howard j 6 july 2020 plague was one of history s deadliest diseases then we found a cure national geographic archived from the original on 2 december 2020 retrieved 3 december 2020 1 2 3 haensch et al 2010 plague world health organization october 2017 archived from the original on 24 april 2015 retrieved 8 november 2017 firth j april 2012 the history of plague part 1 the three great pandemics jmvh org archived from the original on 2 october 2019 retrieved 14 november 2019 galens j knight j 2001 the late middle ages middle ages reference library 1 gale archived from the original on 16 december 2019 retrieved 15 may 2020 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 black death n oxford english dictionary online 3rd ed oxford university press 2011 archived from the original on 22 may 2021 retrieved 11 april 2020 1 2 bennett hollister 2006 p 326 john of fordun s scotichronicon there was a great pestilence and mortality of men horrox 1994 p 84 pontoppidan erik 1755 the natural history of norway london a linde p 24 norway indeed cannot be said to be entirely exempt from pestilential distempers for the black death known all over europe by its terrible ravages from the years 1348 to 50 was felt here as in other parts and to the great diminution of the number of the inhabitants 1 2 3 4 d irsay s 1926 notes to the origin of the expression atra mors isis 8 2 328 32 doi 10 1086 358397 issn 0021 1753 jstor 223649 s2cid 147317779 the german physician justus friedrich karl hecker 1795 1850 cited the phrase in icelandic svarti dauði danish den sorte dod etc see hecker j f c 1832 der schwarze tod im vierzehnten jahrhundert the black death in the fourteenth century in german berlin germany friedrich august herbig p 3 footnote 1 archived from the original on 29 april 2016 retrieved 19 july 2024 homer odyssey xii 92 seneca oedipus 164 170 de corbeil gilles 1907 first pub 1200 rose valentin ed egidii corboliensis viaticus de signis et symptomatibus aegritudium in latin leipzig b g teubner on page 22 of the manuscript in gallica archived 6 october 2016 at the wayback machine simon mentions the phrase mors nigra black death cum rex finisset oracula judiciorum mors nigra surrexit et gentes reddidit illi when the king ended the oracles of judgment black death arose and the nations surrendered to him a more legible copy of the poem appears in littré emile 1841 opuscule relatif à la peste de 1348 composé par un contemporain work concerning the plague of 1348 composed by a contemporary bibliothèque de l école des chartes in french 2 2 201 243 esp p 228 doi 10 3406 bec 1841 451584 archived from the original on 22 july 2014 see also byrne 2004 p 1 penrose elizabeth 1853 a history of england new and revised ed london john murray p 152 gasquet 1893 1 2 christakos et al 2005 pp 110 114 gasquet 1908 p 7 pontanus johan isaksson 1631 rerum danicarum historia amsterdam johann jansson p 476 archived from the original on 4 may 2016 plague backgrounder american veterinary medical association archived from the original on 16 may 2008 retrieved 3 november 2008 andrades valtueña et al 2017 zhang sarah 6 december 2018 an ancient case of the plague could rewrite history the atlantic archived from the original on 13 november 2019 rascovan et al 2019 spyrou et al 2018 1 2 green 2015 pp 31ff modern lab reaches across the ages to resolve plague dna debate phys org 20 may 2013 archived from the original on 27 july 2019 retrieved 22 march 2020 plague dna found in ancient teeth shows medieval black death 1 500 year pandemic caused by same disease national post the canadian press 28 january 2014 retrieved 22 march 2020 cite web cs1 maint deprecated archival service link benedictow ole jørgen 2006 the black death 1346 1353 the complete history boydell press isbn 978 1 84383 214 0 archived from the original on 26 march 2023 retrieved 18 march 2023 benedictow 2021 p 130 sources for origins black death in china a history of plagues from ancient times to now cnn 24 november 2019 archived from the original on 6 march 2020 retrieved 24 march 2020 benedictow 2004 pp 50 51 bramanti et al 2016 pp 1 26 black death causes facts and consequences encyclopædia britannica archived from the original on 9 july 2019 retrieved 1 march 2020 sussman 2011 susat julian et al 29 june 2021 a 5 000 year old hunter gatherer already plagued by yersinia pestis cell reports 35 13 109278 doi 10 1016 j celrep 2021 109278 pmid 34192537 spyrou maria a et al 2018 analysis of 3800 year old yersinia pestis genomes suggests bronze age origin for bubonic plague nature communications 9 1 2234 bibcode 2018natco 9 2234s doi 10 1038 s41467 018 04550 9 pmc 5993720 pmid 29884871 wade nicholas 31 october 2010 europe s plagues came from china study finds the new york times archived from the original on 4 november 2010 retrieved 24 february 2017 1 2 sussman 2011 p 354 black death causes facts and consequences encyclopædia britannica archived from the original on 9 july 2019 retrieved 1 august 2019 snowden 2019 pp 49 53 plague www who int archived from the original on 30 april 2018 retrieved 23 july 20...
|
