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rtual desktop implementation which enables the user to have more than one desktop and display them in an exposé like interface 55 an automatic backup technology called time machine which allows users to view and restore previous versions of files and application data 56 and screen sharing was built in for the first time 57 in more recent releases apple has developed support for emoji characters by including the proprietary apple color emoji font 58 59 apple has also connected macos with social networks such as twitter and facebook through the addition of share buttons for content such as pictures and text 60 apple has brought several applications and features that originally debuted in ios its mobile operating system to macos in recent releases notably the intelligent personal assistant siri which was introduced in version 10 12 of macos 61 62 unix and unix like systems edit unix edit unix ˈ j uː n ɪ k s trademarked as unix is a family of multitasking multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original at t unix whose development started in the 1970s at the bell labs research center by ken thompson dennis ritchie and others 63 initially intended for use inside the bell system at t licensed unix to outside parties in the late 1970s leading to a variety of both academic and commercial unix variants from vendors including university of california berkeley bsd microsoft xenix sun microsystems sunos solaris hp hpe hp ux and ibm aix in the early 1990s at t sold its rights in unix to novell which then sold its unix business to the santa cruz operation sco in 1995 64 the unix trademark passed to the open group an industry consortium founded in 1996 which allows the use of the mark for certified operating systems that comply with the single unix specification sus however novell continues to own the unix copyrights which the sco group inc v novell inc court case 2010 confirmed unix systems are characterized by a modular design that is sometimes called the unix philosophy according to this philosophy the operating system should provide a set of simple tools each of which performs a limited well defined function 65 a unified filesystem the unix filesystem and an inter process communication mechanism known as pipes serve as the main means of communication 63 and a shell scripting and command language the unix shell is used to combine the tools to perform complex workflows unix distinguishes itself from its predecessors as the first portable operating system almost the entire operating system is written in the c programming language which allows unix to operate on numerous platforms 66 macos described above is a unix like system and beginning with mac os x leopard is certified to comply with the sus linux edit linux 67 is a family of open source unix like operating systems based on the linux kernel 68 an operating system kernel first released on 17 september 1991 by linus torvalds 69 70 71 linux is typically packaged in a linux distribution distributions include the linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries many of which are provided by the gnu project many linux distributions use the word linux in their name but the free software foundation uses the name gnu linux to emphasize the importance of gnu software causing some controversy 72 popular linux distributions 73 74 75 include debian fedora and ubuntu commercial distributions include red hat enterprise linux and suse linux enterprise server desktop linux distributions include a windowing system such as x11 or wayland and a desktop environment such as gnome or kde plasma distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether or include a solution stack such as lamp because linux is freely redistributable anyone may create a distribution for any purpose 76 linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the intel x86 architecture but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system 77 because of the dominance of the linux based android on smartphones as of january 2023 update linux also has the largest installed base of all general purpose operating systems 11 78 79 80 although it is as of january 2023 update used by only around 2 9 percent of desktop computers 3 the chromebook which runs the linux kernel based chromeos dominates the us k 12 education market and represents nearly 20 percent of sub 300 notebook sales in the us 81 linux is the leading operating system on servers over 96 4 of the top 1 million web servers operating systems are linux 82 leads other large systems such as mainframe computers and is the only os used on top500 supercomputers since november 2017 having gradually eliminated all competitors 83 84 85 linux also runs on embedded systems i e devices whose operating system is typically built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system this includes routers automation controls smart home technology such as google nest 86 televisions samsung and lg smart tvs use tizen and webos respectively 87 88 89 automobiles for example tesla audi mercedes benz hyundai and toyota all rely on linux 90 digital video recorders video game consoles and smartwatches 91 the falcon 9 s and the dragon 2 s avionics use a customized version of linux 92 linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software collaboration the source code may be used modified and distributed commercially or non commercially by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses such as the gnu general public license 76 90 of all cloud infrastructure is powered by linux including supercomputers and cloud providers 93 74 of smartphones in the world are linux based 94 kde plasma 5 edit kde plasma 5 is the fifth and current generation of the graphical workspaces environment created by kde primarily for linux systems kde plasma 5 is the successor of kde plasma 4 and was first released on 15 july 2014 95 96 it includes a new default theme known as breeze as well as increased convergence across different devices the graphical interface was fully migrated to qml which uses opengl for hardware acceleration which resulted in better performance and reduced power consumption 97 95 freebsd edit freebsd is a free and open source unix like operating system descended from the berkeley software distribution bsd which was based on research unix the first version of freebsd was released in 1993 in 2005 freebsd was the most popular open source bsd operating system accounting for more than three quarters of all installed simply permissively licensed bsd systems freebsd has similarities with linux with two major differences in scope and licensing first freebsd maintains a complete system i e the project delivers a kernel device drivers userland utilities and documentation as opposed to linux only delivering a kernel and drivers and relying on third parties for system software second freebsd source code is generally released under a permissive bsd license as opposed to the copyleft gpl used by linux the freebsd project includes a security team overseeing all software shipped in the base distribution a wide range of additional third party applications may be installed using the pkg package management system or freebsd ports or by compiling source code much of freebsd s codebase has become an integral part of other operating systems such as darwin the basis for macos ios ipados watchos and tvos truenas an open source nas san operating system and the system software for the playstation 3 98 and playstation 4 game consoles 99 google chromeos edit chromeos formerly chrome os 100 sometimes styled as chromeos is a gentoo linux based operating system designed by google it is derived from the free software chromiumos and uses the google chrome web browser as its principal user interface however chromeos is proprietary software google announced the project in july 2009 conceiving it as an operating system in which both applications and user data reside in the cloud hence chromeos primarily runs web applications 101 source code and a public demo came that november the first chromeos laptop known as a chromebook arrived in may 2011 initial chromebook shipments from samsung and acer occurred in july 2011 chromeos has an integrated media player and file manager it supports chrome apps which resemble native applications as well as remote access to the desktop reception was initially skeptical with some observers arguing that a browser running on any operating system was functionally equivalent citation needed as more chromeos machines have entered the market the operating system is now seldom evaluated apart from the hardware that runs it android applications started to become available for the operating system in 2014 and in 2016 access to android apps in google play s entirety was introduced on supported chromeos devices support for a linux terminal and applications known as project crostini 102 was released to the stable channel in chromeos 69 this was made possible via a lightweight linux kernel that runs containers inside a virtual machine chromeos is only available pre installed on hardware from google manufacturing partners but there are unofficial methods that allow it to be installed in other equipment 103 its open source upstream chromiumos can be compiled from downloaded source code early on google provided design goals for chromeos but has not otherwise released a technical description see also edit comparison of operating systems hypervisor interruptible operating system list of operating systems list of pioneers in computer science live cd glossary of operating systems terms microcontroller mobile device mobile operating system network operating system object oriented operating system operating system projects system commander system image timeline of operating systems usage share of operating systems notes edit this is a retronym coined after the introduction of its successor mac os x it did not 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