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nomenon appears to have evolved multiple times in multiple taxa such as in the anguilliformes eels gobioidei gobies and cardinalfishes and tetradontiformes triggerfishes along with the other taxa discussed later in the article fluorescence is highly genotypically and phenotypically variable even within ecosystems in regards to the wavelengths emitted the patterns displayed and the intensity of the fluorescence generally the species relying upon camouflage exhibit the greatest diversity in fluorescence likely because camouflage may be one of the uses of fluorescence 33 fluorescence has multiple origins in the tree of life this diagram displays the origins within actinopterygians ray finned fish it is suspected by some scientists that gfps and gfp like proteins began as electron donors activated by light these electrons were then used for reactions requiring light energy functions of fluorescent proteins such as protection from the sun conversion of light into different wavelengths or for signaling are thought to have evolved secondarily 34 adaptive functions edit currently relatively little is known about the functional significance of fluorescence and fluorescent proteins 34 however it is suspected that fluorescence may serve important functions in signaling and communication mating lures camouflage uv protection and antioxidation photoacclimation dinoflagellate regulation and in coral health 35 aquatic edit water absorbs light of long wavelengths so less light from these wavelengths reflects back to reach the eye therefore warm colors from the visual light spectrum appear less vibrant at increasing depths water scatters light of shorter wavelengths above violet meaning cooler colors dominate the visual field in the photic zone light intensity decreases 10 fold with every 75 m of depth so at depths of 75 m light is 10 as intense as it is on the surface and is only 1 as intense at 150 m as it is on the surface because the water filters out the wavelengths and intensity of water reaching certain depths different proteins because of the wavelengths and intensities of light they are capable of absorbing are better suited to different depths theoretically some fish eyes can detect light as deep as 1000 m at these depths of the aphotic zone the only sources of light are organisms themselves giving off light through chemical reactions in a process called bioluminescence fluorescence is simply defined as the absorption of electromagnetic radiation at one wavelength and its reemission at another lower energy wavelength 33 thus any type of fluorescence depends on the presence of external sources of light biologically functional fluorescence is found in the photic zone where there is not only enough light to cause fluorescence but enough light for other organisms to detect it 36 the visual field in the photic zone is naturally blue so colors of fluorescence can be detected as bright reds oranges yellows and greens green is the most commonly found color in the marine spectrum yellow the second most orange the third and red is the rarest fluorescence can occur in organisms in the aphotic zone as a byproduct of that same organism s bioluminescence some fluorescence in the aphotic zone is merely a byproduct of the organism s tissue biochemistry and does not have a functional purpose however some cases of functional and adaptive significance of fluorescence in the aphotic zone of the deep ocean is an active area of research 37 photic zone edit main article photic zone fish edit fluorescent marine fish bony fishes living in shallow water generally have good color vision due to their living in a colorful environment thus in shallow water fishes red orange and green fluorescence most likely serves as a means of communication with conspecifics especially given the great phenotypic variance of the phenomenon 33 many fish that exhibit fluorescence such as sharks lizardfish scorpionfish wrasses and flatfishes also possess yellow intraocular filters 38 yellow intraocular filters in the lenses and cornea of certain fishes function as long pass filters these filters enable the species to visualize and potentially exploit fluorescence in order to enhance visual contrast and patterns that are unseen to other fishes and predators that lack this visual specialization 33 fish that possess the necessary yellow intraocular filters for visualizing fluorescence potentially exploit a light signal from members of it fluorescent patterning was especially prominent in cryptically patterned fishes possessing complex camouflage many of these lineages also possess yellow long pass intraocular filters that could enable visualization of such patterns 38 another adaptive use of fluorescence is to generate orange and red light from the ambient blue light of the photic zone to aid vision red light can only be seen across short distances due to attenuation of red light wavelengths by water 39 many fish species that fluoresce are small group living or benthic aphotic and have conspicuous patterning this patterning is caused by fluorescent tissue and is visible to other members of the species however the patterning is invisible at other visual spectra these intraspecific fluorescent patterns also coincide with intra species signaling the patterns present in ocular rings to indicate directionality of an individual s gaze and along fins to indicate directionality of an individual s movement 39 current research suspects that this red fluorescence is used for private communication between members of the same species 30 33 39 due to the prominence of blue light at ocean depths red light and light of longer wavelengths are muddled and many predatory reef fish have little to no sensitivity for light at these wavelengths fish such as the fairy wrasse that have developed visual sensitivity to longer wavelengths are able to display red fluorescent signals that give a high contrast to the blue environment and are conspicuous to conspecifics in short ranges yet are relatively invisible to other common fish that have reduced sensitivities to long wavelengths thus fluorescence can be used as adaptive signaling and intra species communication in reef fish 39 40 additionally it is suggested that fluorescent tissues that surround an organism s eyes are used to convert blue light from the photic zone or green bioluminescence in the aphotic zone into red light to aid vision 39 sharks edit a new fluorophore was described in two species of sharks wherein it was due to an undescribed group of brominated tryptophane kynurenine small molecule metabolites 41 coral edit fluorescence serves a wide variety of functions in coral fluorescent proteins in corals may contribute to photosynthesis by converting otherwise unusable wavelengths of light into ones for which the coral s symbiotic algae are able to conduct photosynthesis 42 also the proteins may fluctuate in number as more or less light becomes available as a means of photoacclimation 43 similarly these fluorescent proteins may possess antioxidant capacities to eliminate oxygen radicals produced by photosynthesis 44 finally through modulating photosynthesis the fluorescent proteins may also serve as a means of regulating the activity of the coral s photosynthetic algal symbionts 45 cephalopods edit main article cephalopods alloteuthis subulata and loligo vulgaris two types of nearly transparent squid have fluorescent spots above their eyes these spots reflect incident light which may serve as a means of camouflage but also for signaling to other squids for schooling purposes 46 jellyfish edit aequoria victoria biofluorescent jellyfish known for gfp another well studied example of fluorescence in the ocean is the hydrozoan aequorea victoria this jellyfish lives in the photic zone off the west coast of north america and was identified as a carrier of green fluorescent protein gfp by osamu shimomura the gene for these green fluorescent proteins has been isolated and is scientifically significant because it is widely used in genetic studies to indicate the expression of other genes 47 mantis shrimp edit several species of mantis shrimp which are stomatopod crustaceans including lysiosquillina glabriuscula have yellow fluorescent markings along their antennal scales and carapace shell that males present during threat displays to predators and other males the display involves raising the head and thorax spreading the striking appendages and other maxillipeds and extending the prominent oval antennal scales laterally which makes the animal appear larger and accentuates its yellow fluorescent markings furthermore as depth increases mantis shrimp fluorescence accounts for a greater part of the visible light available during mating rituals mantis shrimp actively fluoresce and the wavelength of this fluorescence matches the wavelengths detected by their eye pigments 48 aphotic zone edit main article aphotic zone siphonophores edit siphonophorae is an order of marine animals from the phylum hydrozoa that consist of a specialized medusoid and polyp zooid some siphonophores including the genus erenna that live in the aphotic zone between depths of 1600 m and 2300 m exhibit yellow to red fluorescence in the photophores of their tentacle like tentilla this fluorescence occurs as a by product of bioluminescence from these same photophores the siphonophores exhibit the fluorescence in a flicking pattern that is used as a lure to attract prey 49 dragonfish edit the predatory deep sea dragonfish malacosteus niger the closely related genus aristostomias and the species pachystomias microdon use fluorescent red accessory pigments to convert the blue light emitted from their own bioluminescence to red light from suborbital photophores this red luminescence is invisible to other animals which allows these dragonfish extra light at dark ocean depths without attracting or signaling predators 50 terrestrial edit amphibians edit fluorescent polka dot tree frog under uv light fluorescence is widespread among amphibians and has been documented in several families of frogs salamanders and caecilians but the extent of it varies greatly 51 the polka dot tree frog hypsiboas punctatus widely found in south america was unintentionally discovered to be the first fluorescent amphibian in 2017 the fluorescence was traced to a new compound found in the lymph and skin glands 52 the main fluorescent compound is hyloin l1 and it gives a blue green glow when exposed to violet or ultraviolet light the scientists behind the discovery suggested that the fluorescence can be used for communication they speculated that fluorescence possibly is relatively widespread among frogs 53 only a few months later fluorescence was discovered in the closely related hypsiboas atlanticus because it is linked to secretions from skin glands they can also leave fluorescent markings on surfaces where they have been 54 in 2019 two other frogs the tiny pumpkin toadlet brachycephalus ephippium and red pumpkin toadlet b pitanga of southeastern brazil were found to have naturally fluorescent skeletons which are visible through their skin when exposed to ultraviolet light 55 56 it was initially speculated that the fluorescence supplemented their already aposematic colours they are toxic or that it was related to mate choice species recognition or determining fitness of a potential partner 55 but later studies indicate that the former explanation is unlikely as predation attempts on the toadlets appear to be unaffected by the presence absence of fluorescence 57 in 2020 it was confirmed that green or yellow fluorescence is widespread not only in adult frogs that are exposed to blue or ultraviolet light but also among tadpoles salamanders and caecilians the extent varies greatly depending on species in some it is highly distinct and in others it is barely noticeable it can be based on their skin pigmentation their mucus or their bones 51 butterflies edit swallowtail papilio butterflies have complex systems for emitting fluorescent light their wings contain pigment infused crystals that provide directed fluorescent light these crystals function to produce fluorescent light best when they absorb radiance from sky blue light wavelength about 420 nm the wavelengths of light that the butterflies see the best correspond to the absorbance of the crystals in the butterfly s wings this likely functions to enhance the capacity for signaling 58 parrots edit parrots have fluorescent plumage that may be used in mate signaling a study using mate choice experiments on budgerigars melopsittacus undulates found compelling support for fluorescent sexual signaling with both males and females significantly preferring birds with the fluorescent experimental stimulus this study suggests that the fluorescent plumage of parrots is not simply a by product of pigmentation but instead an adapted sexual signal considering the intricacies of the pathways that produce fluorescent pigments there may be significant costs involved therefore individuals exhibiting strong fluorescence may be honest indicators of high individual quality since they can deal with the associated costs 59 arachnids edit fluorescing scorpion spiders fluoresce under uv light and possess a huge diversity of fluorophores andrews reed masta noted that spiders are the only known group in which fluorescence is taxonomically widespread variably expressed evolutionarily labile and probably under selection and potentially of ecological importance for intraspecific and interspecific signaling 60 they showed that fluorescence evolved multiple times across spider taxa with novel fluorophores evolving during spider diversification in some spiders ultraviolet cues are important for predator prey interactions intraspecific communication and camouflage matching with fluorescent flowers differing ecological contexts could favor inhibition or enhancement of fluorescence expression depending upon whether fluorescence helps spiders be cryptic or makes them more conspicuous to predators therefore natural selection could be acting on expression of fluorescence across spider species 60 scorpions are also fluorescent in their case due to the presence of beta carboline in their cuticles 61 platypus edit in 2020 fluorescence was reported for several platypus specimens 62 flying squirrels edit in 2019 it was observed by chance that flying squirrels fluoresce pink under uv light subsequent research by biologists at northland college in northern wisconsin found that this is true for all three species of north american flying squirrels non flying squirrels do not fluoresce under uv light 63 this fluorescence may be an accident of evolution and serve no biological purpose 64 plants edit many plants are fluorescent due to the presence of chlorophyll which is probably the most widely distributed fluorescent molecule producing red emission under a range of excitation wavelengths 65 this attribute of...
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