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ontents move to sidebar hide top 1 history toggle history subsection 1 1 construction under the persians 1 2 rededication by the maccabees 1 3 hasmonean dynasty and roman conquest 1 4 renovations under herod 1 5 under roman rule 2 in rabbinic literature 3 architecture of herod s temple toggle architecture of herod s temple subsection 3 1 temple structure 3 2 temenos expansion date and duration 3 3 elements 3 3 1 platform substructures retaining walls 3 3 2 court of the gentiles 3 3 3 pinnacle 3 3 4 inner courts 3 3 5 roofs 4 pilgrimages and religious services toggle pilgrimages and religious services subsection 4 1 pilgrimages 4 2 pilgrimage festivals 4 2 1 passover 4 2 2 shavuot 4 2 3 sukkot 4 3 yom kippur 5 archaeology toggle archaeology subsection 5 1 temple warning inscriptions 5 2 place of trumpeting 5 3 walls and gates of the temple complex 5 4 underground structures 5 5 quarry 5 6 floor tiling from courts 5 7 magdala stone interpretation 6 destruction of the temple 7 legacy 8 see also 9 notes 10 references toggle references subsection 10 1 modern sources 11 further reading 12 external links toggle the table of contents second temple 51 languages afrikaans العربية مصرى azərbaycanca български বাংলা català čeština dansk deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français עברית hrvatski magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 ქართული ភាសាខ្មែរ 한국어 malagasy македонски bahasa melayu nederlands norsk bokmål polski português română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenščina shqip српски srpski தமிழ் ไทย tagalog türkçe українська اردو 吴语 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikiquote wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 31 46 41 n 35 14 07 e 31 7781 n 35 2353 e 31 7781 35 2353 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia temple in jerusalem c 516 bce 70 ce the second temple redirects here for the amphibia episode see list of amphibia episodes ep37 second temple herod s temple בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי model of herod s temple inspired by the writings of josephus displayed within the holyland model of jerusalem at the israel museum location within the old city of jerusalem show map of old city of jerusalem location within jerusalem modern municipal borders show map of jerusalem location within the state of israel show map of israel religion affiliation judaism region land of israel deity yahweh leadership high priest of israel location location temple mount municipality jerusalem state yehud medinata first judaea last country achaemenid empire first roman empire last coordinates 31 46 41 n 35 14 07 e 31 7781 n 35 2353 e 31 7781 35 2353 architecture founder zerubbabel refurbished by herod the great completed c 516 bce original c 18 ce herodian destroyed 70 ce roman siege specifications height max c 46 metres 151 ft materials jerusalem limestone excavation dates 1930 1967 1968 1970 1978 1996 1999 2007 archaeologists charles warren benjamin mazar ronny reich eli shukron yaakov billig present day site dome of the rock public access limited see temple mount entry restrictions the second temple hebrew בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי romanized bēṯ hammīqdāš haššēnī lit second house of the sanctum was the temple in jerusalem that replaced solomon s temple which was destroyed during the babylonian siege of jerusalem in 587 bce the second temple was constructed around 516 bce and later enhanced by herod the great around 18 bce consequently also being known as herod s temple thereafter defining the second temple period and standing as a pivotal symbol of jewish identity it was the basis and namesake of second temple judaism the second temple served as the chief place of worship ritual sacrifice korban and communal gathering for the jewish people among whom it regularly attracted pilgrims for the three pilgrimage festivals passover shavuot and sukkot in 539 bce the persian conquest of babylon enabled the achaemenid empire to expand across the fertile crescent by annexing the neo babylonian empire including the territory of the former kingdom of judah which had been annexed as the babylonian province of yehud during the reign of the babylonian king nebuchadnezzar ii who concurrently exiled part of judah s population to babylon 1 following this campaign the persian king cyrus the great issued the edict of cyrus sometimes identified with the cyrus cylinder which is described in the hebrew bible as a royal proclamation that authorized and encouraged the repatriation of displaced populations in the region this event is called the return to zion in ezra nehemiah marking the resurgence of jewish life in what had become the self governing persian province of yehud the reign of the persian king darius the great saw the completion of the second temple signifying a period of renewed jewish hope and religious revival according to the biblical account the second temple was originally a relatively modest structure built under the authority of the persian appointed jewish governor zerubbabel who was the grandson of the penultimate judahite king jeconiah 2 in the 1st century bce herod s efforts to transform the second temple resulted in a grand and imposing structure and courtyard including the large edifices and façades shown in modern models such as the holyland model of jerusalem in the israel museum the temple mount where both solomon s temple and the second temple stood was also significantly expanded doubling in size to become the ancient world s largest religious sanctuary 3 4 the temple complex was not only a place of worship but also served multiple functions including being a site for public assemblies the sanhedrin the supreme judicial court convened in the temple s hall of hewn stones and the compound also hosted one of the largest marketplaces in the city 5 in 70 ce at the height of the first jewish roman war the second temple was destroyed by the roman siege of jerusalem a resulting in a cataclysmic shift in jewish history 6 the loss of the second temple prompted the development of rabbinic judaism which remains the mainstream form of jewish religious practices globally history construction under the persians further information return to zion rebuilding of the temple illustration by gustave doré from the 1866 la sainte bible the accession of cyrus the great of the achaemenid empire in 559 bce made the re establishment of the city of jerusalem and the rebuilding of the temple possible 7 8 some rudimentary ritual sacrifice had continued at the site of the first temple following its destruction 9 according to the closing verses of the second book of chronicles and the books of ezra and nehemiah when the jewish exiles returned to jerusalem following a decree from cyrus the great ezra 1 1 4 2 chronicles 36 22 23 construction started at the original site of the altar of solomon s temple 1 these events represent the final section in the historical narrative of the hebrew bible 7 the original core of the book of nehemiah the first person memoir may have been combined with the core of the book of ezra around 400 bce further editing probably continued into the hellenistic era 10 based on the biblical account after the return from babylonian captivity arrangements were immediately made to reorganize the desolated yehud province after the demise of the kingdom of judah seventy years earlier the body of pilgrims forming a band of 42 360 11 having completed the long and dreary journey of some four months from the banks of the euphrates to jerusalem were animated in all their proceedings by a strong religious impulse and therefore one of their first concerns was to restore their ancient house of worship by rebuilding their destroyed temple 12 on the invitation of zerubbabel the governor who showed them a remarkable example of liberality by contributing personally 1 000 golden darics besides other gifts the people poured their gifts into the sacred treasury with great enthusiasm 13 first they erected and dedicated the altar of god on the exact spot where it had formerly stood and they then cleared away the charred heaps of debris that occupied the site of the old temple and in the second month of the second year 535 bce amid great public excitement and rejoicing the foundations of the second temple were laid a wide interest was felt in this great movement although it was regarded with mixed feelings by the spectators 14 12 the samaritans wanted to help with this work but zerubbabel and the elders declined such cooperation feeling that the jews must build the temple unaided immediately evil reports were spread regarding the jews according to ezra 4 5 the samaritans sought to frustrate their purpose and sent messengers to ecbatana and susa with the result that the work was suspended 12 seven years later cyrus the great who allowed the jews to return to their homeland and rebuild the temple died 15 and was succeeded by his son cambyses on his death the false smerdis an impostor occupied the throne for some seven or eight months and then darius became king 522 bce in the second year of his rule the work of rebuilding the temple was resumed and carried forward to its completion 16 under the stimulus of the earnest counsels and admonitions of the prophets haggai and zechariah it was ready for consecration in the spring of 516 bce more than twenty years after the return from captivity the temple was completed on the third day of the month adar in the sixth year of the reign of darius amid great rejoicings on the part of all the people 2 although it was evident that the jews were no longer an independent people but were subject to a foreign power the book of haggai includes a prediction that the glory of the second temple would be greater than that of the first 17 12 while the temple may well have been consecrated in 516 construction and expansion may have continued as late as 500 bce 18 some of the original artifacts from the temple of solomon are not mentioned in the sources after its destruction in 586 bce and are presumed lost the second temple lacked various holy articles including the ark of the covenant 8 12 containing the tablets of stone before which were placed the pot of manna and aaron s rod 12 the urim and thummim 8 12 divination objects contained in the hoshen the holy oil 12 and the sacred fire 8 12 the second temple also included many of the original vessels of gold that had been taken by the babylonians but restored by cyrus the great 12 19 no detailed description of the temple s architecture is given in the hebrew bible save that it was sixty cubits in both width and height and was constructed with stone and lumber 20 in the second temple the holy of holies kodesh hakodashim was separated by curtains rather than a wall as in the first temple still as in the tabernacle the second temple included the menorah golden lamp for the hekhal the table of showbread and the golden altar of incense with golden censers 12 rededication by the maccabees following the conquest of judea by alexander the great it became part of the ptolemaic kingdom of egypt until 200 bce when the seleucid king antiochus iii the great of syria defeated pharaoh ptolemy v epiphanes at the battle of paneion in 167 bce antiochus iv epiphanes ordered an altar to zeus erected in the temple he also according to josephus compelled jews to dissolve the laws of the country to keep their infants un circumcised and to sacrifice swine s flesh upon the altar against which they all opposed themselves and the most approved among them were put to death 21 these anti jewish persecutions provoked the maccabean revolt led by judas maccabeus and his brothers from the priestly hasmonean family after several years of guerrilla warfare the maccabees succeeded in driving out the seleucid forces from jerusalem in 164 bce they recaptured the temple mount removed the pagan altar and undertook the purification and rededication of the second temple 22 this event is the origin of the jewish festival of hanukkah which begins on the 25th of kislev 23 24 the earliest accounts of the holiday appear in the books of the maccabees which both associate it with the 25th of kislev either as the date when sacrifices resumed following the cleansing of the temple according to 1 maccabees 25 or as the date of the cleansing itself according to 2 maccabees 26 22 hasmonean dynasty and roman conquest there is some evidence from archaeology that further changes to the structure of the temple and its surroundings were made during the hasmonean rule beyond physical changes to the sacred building itself archaeological evidence reveals that the hasmonean rulers extensively reshaped the economy and infrastructure of the surrounding countryside to directly support the temple s daily functions and religious laws to ensure a steady supply of ritually pure wine and olive oil for temple ceremonies the state developed a network of local farms equipped with rock cut ritual baths miqva ot built directly next to agricultural presses this allowed the crops to be processed under strict jewish purity laws from the very moment of harvest at several of these rural sites archaeologists discovered small specialized crushing stones that match ancient rabbinic descriptions of extracting the highest grade olive oil specifically for lighting the temple menorah furthermore many of these rural estates operated large dove raising installations columbaria to satisfy the massive daily demand for bird sacrifices brought by visitors to manage the heavy traffic of these pilgrims and their sacrificial livestock approaching the holy precinct the hasmoneans built wide stepped roads designed to control the massive crowds and guide them smoothly toward the temple gates 27 judas the essene a prophetic figure who lived under the hasmoneans is depicted by josephus as being in the temple with his followers 28 salome alexandra the queen of the hasmonean kingdom appointed her elder son hyrcanus ii as the high priest of judaea her younger son aristobulus ii was determined to have the throne and as soon as she died he seized the throne hyrcanus who was next in the succession agreed to be content with being high priest antipater the governor of idumæa encouraged hyrcanus not to give up his throne eventually hyrcanus fled to aretas iii king of the nabateans and returned with an army to take back the throne he defeated aristobulus and besieged jerusalem the roman general pompey who was in syria fighting against the armenians in the third mithridatic war sent his lieutenant to investigate the conflict in judaea both hyrcanus and aristobulus appealed to him for support pompey was not dilige...
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