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ions of windows cannot run 16 bit software however most 32 bit applications will work well 64 bit users are forced to install a virtual machine of a 16 or 32 bit operating system to run 16 bit applications or use one of the alternatives for ntvdm 44 mac os x 10 4 tiger and mac os x 10 5 leopard had only a 32 bit kernel but they can run 64 bit user mode code on 64 bit processors mac os x 10 6 snow leopard had both 32 and 64 bit kernels and on most macs used the 32 bit kernel even on 64 bit processors this allowed those macs to support 64 bit processes while still supporting 32 bit device drivers although not 64 bit drivers and performance advantages that can come with them mac os x 10 7 lion ran with a 64 bit kernel on more macs and os x 10 8 mountain lion and later macos releases only have a 64 bit kernel on systems with 64 bit processors both the 32 and 64 bit macos kernels can run 32 bit user mode code and all versions of macos up to macos mojave 10 14 include 32 bit versions of libraries that 32 bit applications would use so 32 bit user mode software for macos will run on those systems the 32 bit versions of libraries have been removed by apple in macos catalina 10 15 linux and most other unix like operating systems and the c and c toolchains for them have supported 64 bit processors for many years many applications and libraries for those platforms are open source software written in c and c so that if they are 64 bit safe they can be compiled into 64 bit versions this source based distribution model with an emphasis on frequent releases makes availability of application software for those operating systems less of an issue 64 bit data models edit in 32 bit programs pointers and data types such as integers generally have the same length this is not necessarily true on 64 bit machines 45 46 47 mixing data types in programming languages such as c and its descendants such as c and objective c may thus work on 32 bit implementations but not on 64 bit implementations in many programming environments for c and c derived languages on 64 bit machines int variables are still 32 bits wide but long integers and pointers are 64 bits wide these are described as having an lp64 data model which is an abbreviation of long pointer 64 48 49 other models are the ilp64 data model in which all three data types are 64 bits wide 50 49 and even the silp64 model where short integers are also 64 bits wide 51 52 however in most cases the modifications required are relatively minor and straightforward and many well written programs can simply be recompiled for the new environment with no changes another alternative is the llp64 model which maintains compatibility with 32 bit code by leaving both int and long as 32 bit 53 49 ll refers to the long long integer type which is at least 64 bits on all platforms including 32 bit environments there are also systems with 64 bit processors using an ilp32 data model with the addition of 64 bit long long integers this is also used on many platforms with 32 bit processors this model reduces code size and the size of data structures containing pointers at the cost of a much smaller address space a good choice for some embedded systems for instruction sets such as x86 and arm in which the 64 bit version of the instruction set has more registers than does the 32 bit version it provides access to the additional registers without the space penalty it is common in 64 bit risc machines citation needed explored in x86 as x32 abi and has recently been used in the apple watch series 4 and 5 54 55 64 bit data models data model short int int long int long long pointer size_t sample operating systems ilp32 16 32 32 64 32 x32 and arm64ilp32 abis on linux systems mips n32 abi llp64 16 32 32 64 64 microsoft windows x86 64 ia 64 and arm64 using visual c or mingw plan 9 56 lp64 16 32 64 64 64 most unix and unix like systems e g solaris linux bsd macos windows when using cygwin z os ilp64 16 64 64 64 64 hal computer systems port of solaris to the sparc64 silp64 64 64 64 64 64 classic unicos 51 52 versus unicos mp etc a programming model is a choice made to suit a given compiler and several can coexist on the same os however the programming model chosen as the primary model for the os application programming interface api typically dominates another consideration is the data model used for device drivers drivers make up the majority of the operating system code in most modern operating systems citation needed although many may not be loaded when the operating system is running many drivers use pointers heavily to manipulate data and in some cases have to load pointers of a certain size into the hardware they support for direct memory access dma as an example a driver for a 32 bit pci device asking the device to dma data into upper areas of a 64 bit machine s memory could not satisfy requests from the operating system to load data from the device to memory above the 4 gigabyte barrier because the pointers for those addresses would not fit into the dma registers of the device this problem is solved by having the os take the memory restrictions of the device into account when generating requests to drivers for dma or by using an input output memory management unit iommu current 64 bit architectures edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed april 2023 learn how and when to remove this message as of august 2023 update 64 bit architectures for which processors were manufactured included the 64 bit extension created by advanced micro devices amd to intel s x86 architecture later licensed by intel commonly termed x86 64 amd64 or x64 amd s amd64 extensions used in athlon 64 opteron sempron turion 64 phenom athlon ii phenom ii apu fx ryzen and epyc processors intel s intel 64 extensions used in intel core 2 i3 i5 i7 i9 some atom and newer celeron pentium and xeon processors intel s k1om architecture a variant of intel 64 with no cmov mmx and sse instructions used in first generation xeon phi knights corner coprocessors binary incompatible with x86 64 programs via technologies 64 bit extensions used in the via nano processors arm holdings aarch64 architecture ibm s powerpc power isa ibm s power10 processor and predecessors and the ibm a2 processors ibm s z architecture a 64 bit version of the esa 390 architecture used in ibm s ibm z mainframes ibm telum ii processor and predecessors hitachi ap8000e risc v sparc v9 architecture oracle s m8 and s7 processors and predecessors fujitsu s sparc64 xii and sparc64 xifx processors and predecessors mips technologies mips64 architecture nec sx architecture sx aurora tsubasa elbrus architecture elbrus 8s arc most 64 bit architectures that are derived from a 32 bit version of the same architecture can execute code written for the 32 bit version natively with no performance penalty for example x86 64 processors can run ia 32 applications at full speed 57 this kind of support is commonly called bi arch support or more generally multi arch support see also edit computer memory notes edit such as floating point numbers references edit pentium processor user s manual volume 1 pentium processor data book pdf intel 1993 sharma nitin kumar yadav k p sharma b k comparative study of the 64 bit and apple families of microprocessors pdf international journal of innovative technology and exploring engineering 3 2 163 169 issn 2278 3075 cray 1 computer system hardware reference manual pdf cray research 1977 retrieved october 8 2013 grimes jack kohn les bharadhwaj rajeev july august 1989 the intel i860 64 bit processor a general purpose cpu with 3d graphics capabilities ieee computer graphics and applications 9 4 85 94 bibcode 1989icga 9d 85g doi 10 1109 38 31467 s2cid 38831149 retrieved 2010 11 19 i860 processor family programmer s reference manual pdf intel 1991 retrieved 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