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bility also runs on the macintosh classic lc and lc ii but no other computers system 7 mac os 7 edit main article system 7 on may 13 1991 system 7 was released it was a major upgrade over system 6 adding a significant user interface overhaul new applications stability improvements and many new features its introduction coincides with the release of and provided support for the 68040 macintosh line the system 7 era saw numerous changes in the macintosh platform including a proliferation of macintosh models the 68k to power macintosh transition as well as the rise of microsoft windows increasing use of computer networking and the explosion in the popularity of the internet one of the most significant features of system 7 is virtual memory support an essential subsystem anticipated for years which only exists for previous systems in a third party extension named virtual from connectix 30 accompanying this was a move to 32 bit memory addressing necessary for the ever increasing amounts of ram available to the motorola 68030 cpu and 68020 cpus with a 68851 pmmu this process involves making all of the routines in os code use the full 32 bits of a pointer as an address prior systems used the upper 8 bits as flags this change is known as being 32 bit clean while system 7 itself is 32 bit clean many existing machines and thousands of applications were not so it was some time before the process was completed to ease the transition the memory control panel contains a switch to disable this feature allowing for compatibility with older applications another notable system 7 feature is built in cooperative multitasking in system software 6 this function was optional through the multifinder system 7 also introduced aliases similar to symbolic links on unix shortcuts that were introduced in later versions of microsoft windows and shadows in ibm os 2 system extensions were enhanced by being moved to their own subfolder a subfolder in the system folder was also created for the control panels in system 7 5 apple includes the extensions manager a previously third party program which simplified the process of enabling and disabling extensions the apple menu home only to desk accessories in system 6 was made more general purpose the user could now make often used folders and applications or anything else they desired appear in the menu by placing aliases to them in an apple menu items subfolder of the system folder system 7 also introduced the following applescript a scripting language for automating tasks 32 bit quickdraw supporting so called true color imaging previously available as a system extension and truetype an outline font standard the trash under system 6 and earlier empties itself automatically when shutting down the computer or if multifinder is not running when launching an application system 7 reimplements the trash as a special hidden folder allowing files to remain in it across reboots until the user deliberately chooses the empty trash command system 7 1 edit system 7 1 is mainly a bugfix release with a few minor features added one of the major new features of system 7 1 was moving fonts out of the system file into the fonts folder in the system folder previously a resource copying utility such as resedit or font d a mover was required for installing fonts system 7 1 is not only the first macintosh operating system to cost money all previous versions were free or sold at the cost of the floppies but also received a pro sibling version 7 1 1 with extra features system 7 1 2 was the first version to support powerpc based macs system 7 1 also introduces the system enablers as a method to support new models without updating the actual system file this leads to extra files inside the system folder one per new model supported system 7 5 edit system 7 5 introduces a large number of new features many of which are based on shareware applications that apple bought and included into the new system 37 on the newer powerpc machines system 7 5 may have stability problems partly due to a new memory manager which can be turned off citation needed and issues with the handling of errors in the powerpc code all powerpc exceptions map to type 11 these issues do not affect 68k architecture machines system 7 5 is contemporary with apple s failed copland effort as well as the release of windows 95 mac os 7 6 edit stability improved in powerpc based macs with mac os 7 6 which dropped the system moniker as a more trademarkable name was needed in order to license the os to the growing market of third party macintosh clone manufacturers mac os 7 6 required 32 bit clean roms and so it dropped support for every mac with a 68000 processor as well as the mac ii mac iix mac iicx and mac se 30 system version 5 release information 5 system 7 0 integrated multifinder always enabled system 7 0 1 introduced with lc ii and quadra series system 7 0 1p system 7 tuner update for both 7 0 and 7 0 1 system 7 1 introduced the fonts folder system 7 1p system 7 1p1 system 7 1p2 system 7 1p3 last p release with new features system 7 1p4 system 7 1p5 system 7 1p6 system 7 1 pro version 7 1 1 combined with powertalk speech manager macintalk thread manager system 7 1 2 macs equipped with a powerpc processor system 7 1 2p only for performa lc quadra 630 series very quickly replaced by 7 5 system 7 5 system 7 5 1 system 7 5 update 1 0 the first macintosh operating system to display the mac os logo on the splash screen system 7 5 2 power macs that use pci usable only on these power macs and powerbooks 5300 190 and duo 2300 system 7 5 3 system 7 5 update 2 0 system 7 5 3l only for macintosh clones system 7 5 3 revision 2 system 7 5 3 revision 2 1 only for performa 6400 180 and 6400 200 system 7 5 4 withdrawn within hours of release and replaced by 7 5 5 system 7 5 5 last to support non 32 bit clean macs including all with less than a 68030 cpu except the macintosh lc mac os 7 6 name formally changed because of the experimental clone program although system 7 5 1 and later used the mac os name on the splash screen mac os 7 6 1 proper powerpc error handling introduced mac os 8 edit main article mac os 8 mac os 8 1 desktop mac os 8 was released on july 26 1997 the same month steve jobs became the de facto ceo of apple it was mainly released to keep the mac os moving forward during a difficult time for apple initially planned as mac os 7 7 it was renumbered 8 to exploit a legal loophole and accomplish jobs s goal of terminating third party manufacturers licenses to system 7 and shutting down the macintosh clone market 38 mac os 8 added a number of features from the abandoned copland project while leaving the underlying operating system unchanged a multi threaded finder was included files could now be copied in the background the gui was changed in appearance to a new shaded greyscale look named platinum and the ability to change the appearance themes also known as skins was added with a new control panel though platinum was the only one shipped this capability was provided by a new appearance api layer within the os one of the few significant changes apple sold 1 2 million copies of mac os 8 in its first two weeks of availability and 3 million within six months in light of apple s financial difficulties at the time there was a large grassroots movement among mac users to upgrade and help save apple even some pirate groups refused to redistribute the os 39 mac os 8 1 edit mac os 8 1 introduced an updated version of the hierarchical file system named hfs which fixed many limitations of the earlier system and has been used in subsequent versions of macos up until macos high sierra when it was replaced with the apple file system there are some other interface changes such as separating network features from printing and some improvements to application switching however in underlying technical respects mac os 8 is not very different from system 7 mac os 8 5 edit mac os 8 5 focuses on speed and stability with most 68k code replaced by modern code native to the powerpc it also improved the appearance of the user interface although the theming feature was cut late in development system version 5 release information 5 mac os 8 0 first version to require a 68040 processor dropping support for the remainder of the macintosh ii series and other 68030 macs added support for powerpc g3 processor mac os 8 1 last mac os release to run on a 68k processor added support for usb and the hfs file system mac os 8 5 first version to require a powerpc processor added sherlock support for firewire and support for the power macintosh g3 mac os 8 5 1 bug fixes mac os 8 6 new nanokernel multiprocessing services 2 0 support improved powerbook battery life and added support for the powerpc g4 processor mac os 9 edit main article mac os 9 mac os 9 the last major revision of the classic mac os was released on october 23 1999 7 it is generally a steady evolution from mac os 8 early development releases of mac os 9 were numbered 8 7 mac os 9 added improved support for airport wireless networking it introduced an early implementation of multi user support though not a true multi user operating system mac os 9 does allow multiple desktop users to have their own data and system settings an improved sherlock search engine added several new search plug ins mac os 9 also provides a much improved memory implementation and management applescript was improved to allow tcp ip and networking control mac os 9 also makes the first use of the centralized apple software update to find and install os and hardware updates other new features included its on the fly file encryption software with code signing and keychain technologies remote networking and file server packages and much improved list of usb drivers mac os 9 also added some transitional technologies to help application developers adopt some mac os x features before the introduction of the new os to the public to help ease the transition these included new apis for the file system and the bundling of the carbon library that apps could link against instead of the traditional api libraries apps that were adapted to do this could be run natively on mac os x as well other changes were made beginning with the mac os 9 1 update to allow it to be launched in the classic environment within mac os x the final update to the classic mac os was version 9 2 2 released on december 5 2001 40 system version 5 release information 5 mac os 9 0 initial retail version of mac os 9 mac os 9 0 2 mac os 9 0 3 mac os 9 0 4 mac os 9 1 included with mac os x 10 0 mac os 9 2 update for improved mac os x compatibility mac os 9 2 1 mac os 9 2 2 final release of classic mac os transition to mac os x edit main articles macos and macos version history logos box art of macos from 10 0 10 1 to tahoe 26 macos originally mac os x and later os x 41 is apple s current mac operating system that officially succeeded the classic mac os in 2001 although it was originally marketed as simply version 10 of mac os it has a history that is largely independent of the earlier mac os releases the first version of mac os x mac os x server 1 0 released in 1999 retains the platinum appearance from the classic mac os and even resembles openstep in places with the first version to arrive with the new aqua user interface the first consumer version mac os x 10 0 was released on march 24 2001 supporting the new aqua user interface apple shortened the name to os x in 2011 and then changed it to macos in 2016 to align with the branding of apple s other operating systems the macos architectural legacy is the successor to mac os 9 and the classic mac os legacy however unlike the classic mac os it is a unix based operating system 42 built on nextstep and technology developed at next from the late 1980s until early 1997 when apple purchased the company and its ceo steve jobs returned to apple 43 macos also makes use of the bsd codebase and the xnu kernel 44 and its core set of components is based upon apple s open source darwin operating system users of the classic mac os generally upgraded to mac os x however mac os x was criticized in its early years as more difficult and less user friendly than the original mac os for the lack of certain features that had not yet been reimplemented in the new os for being slower on the same hardware especially older hardware and for incompatibilities with the older os 45 because drivers for printers scanners tablets etc written for the older mac os were not compatible with mac os x inconsistent program support with the classic environment program used to run the older operating system s programs on mac os x and the lack of mac os x support for older apple computers before late 1997 some macintosh users continued using the older classic mac os for a few years after the original release of mac os x steve jobs encouraged people to upgrade to mac os x by staging a mock funeral for mac os 9 at wwdc 2002 46 classic edit main article list of macos components classic powerpc versions of mac os x up to and including mac os x 10 4 tiger include a compatibility layer for running older mac applications the classic environment originally codenamed the blue box the environment runs a nearly complete mac os 9 operating system version 9 1 or later as a mac os x application this allows applications that have not been ported to the carbon api to run on mac os x this is reasonably seamless though classic applications retain their original mac os 9 appearance and do not gain the mac os x aqua appearance early new world rom powerpc based macs shipped with mac os 9 2 as well as mac os x mac os 9 2 had to be installed by the user it was not installed by default on hardware revisions released after mac os x 10 4 most well written classic mac os applications function properly under this environment but compatibility is assured only if the software was written to be unaware of the actual hardware and to interact solely with the operating system the classic environment is not available on intel based mac systems or the latest apple silicon macs due to the incompatibility of mac os 9 with both the x86 and arm hardware emulation edit 68k emulators edit see also mac os nanokernel and mac 68k emulator third party macintosh emulators such as vmac basilisk ii and executor eventually made it possible to run the classic mac os on intel based pcs these emulators were restricted to emulating the 68k series of processors and as such most could not run versions of the mac os that succeeded 8 1 which required powerpc processors most also required a mac rom image or a hardware interface supporting a real mac rom chip a notable exception was the executor commercial software product from abacus research development the only product that used 100 reverse engineered code without the use of apple technology it ran extremely quickly but never achieved more than a minor subset of functionality few programs were completely compatible a...
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