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o the packet boat 47 helmeted members of the royal navy boarding party aboard exodus 1947 passengers and haganah members aboard resisted the marines 48 the second officer an american machal volunteer bill bernstein 49 died from a skull fracture after being clubbed in the wheelhouse two passengers died of gunshot wounds two british sailors were treated afterwards for fractured scapula and one for a head injury and lacerated ear and 146 others were injured 50 about 10 exodus 1947 passengers and crew were treated for mild injuries resulting from the boarding and about 200 were treated for illnesses and maladies unrelated to it 51 close up of exodus 1947 just after her arrival in haifa showing some of the damage she sustained when the two destroyers intercepted her due to the high public profile of exodus 1947 the british government decided to deport the migrants back to france foreign secretary ernest bevin suggested this and the request was relayed to general sir alan cunningham high commissioner for palestine 52 who agreed with the plan after consulting the navy 53 before then intercepted migrants were placed in internment camps on cyprus which was at the time a british colony this new policy was meant to be a signal to both the jewish community and the european countries which assisted immigration that whoever they sent to palestine would be sent back to them not only should it clearly establish the principle of refoulement as applies to a complete shipload of immigrants but it will be most discouraging to the organisers of this traffic if the immigrants end up by returning whence they came 52 repatriation edit attempted return to france edit british troops putting jewish refugees aboard empire rival the royal navy brought exodus 1947 into haifa where her passengers were transferred to three larger and more seaworthy ships for deportation empire rival ocean vigour and runnymede park 54 members of the united nations special committee on palestine unscop witnessed the transfer 55 the three ships left haifa on july 19 for port de bouc near marseille foreign secretary bevin insisted that the french get their ship back as well as its passengers 52 when the ships arrived at port de bouc on august 2 the french government said it would allow disembarkation of the passengers only if it was voluntary on their part haganah agents both on board the ships and using launches with loudspeakers encouraged the passengers not to disembark 56 thus the migrants refused to disembark 54 and the french refused to cooperate with british attempts at forced disembarkation this left the british with the option of returning the passengers to germany realizing that they were not bound for cyprus the migrants conducted a 24 day hunger strike and refused to cooperate with the british authorities media coverage of the contest of wills put pressure on britain to find a solution the matter was reported to the unscop members who had been deliberating in geneva for three weeks the refugees on the ships held firm in difficult conditions rejecting offers of alternative destinations britain concluded that the only option was to send the jews to camps in the british controlled zone of post war germany operation oasis edit the ships went from marseille to hamburg which was then in the british occupation zone britain realized that returning the refugees to camps in germany would elicit a public outcry but germany was the only territory under british control that could immediately accommodate so many people 57 britain s position was summed up by john coulson a diplomat at the british embassy in paris in a message to the foreign office in london in august 1947 you will realize that an announcement of decision to send immigrants back to germany will produce violent hostile outburst in the press our opponents in france and i dare say in other countries have made great play with the fact that these immigrants were being kept behind barbed wire in concentration camps and guarded by germans 58 coulson advised that britain apply as best they could a counter spin to the story if we decide it is convenient not to keep them in camps any longer i suggest that we should make some play that we are releasing them from all restraint of this kind in accordance with their wishes and that they were only put in such accommodation for the preliminary necessities of screening and maintenance 59 the mission of bringing the jewish refugees of exodus 1947 back to germany was known in diplomatic and military circles as operation oasis 57 disembarkation in germany edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed april 2016 learn how and when to remove this message on august 22 a foreign office cable warned diplomats that they should be ready to emphatically deny that the jews would be housed in former concentration camps in germany and that german guards would not be used to keep the jews in the refugee camps it further added that british guards would be withdrawn once the jews were screened british troops disembarking refugees from empire rival on september 7 empire rival ocean vigour and runnymede park reached hamburg where the migrants were successfully disembarked 54 relations between the british personnel on the ships and the passengers were afterwards said by the passengers to have been mostly amicable 60 everyone realized there was going to be trouble at the forced disembarkation and some of the jewish passengers apologized in advance a number were injured in confrontations with british troops that involved the use of batons and fire hoses the passengers were sent back to displaced persons camps in am stau near lübeck and pöppendorf although most of the women and children disembarked voluntarily the men had to be carried off by force the british identified runnymede park as the ship most likely to suffer resistance a confidential report of the time noted it was known that the jews on the runnymede park were under the leadership of a young capable and energetic fanatic morenci miry rosman and throughout the operation it had been realised that this ship might give trouble 100 royal military police and 200 soldiers of the sherwood foresters were ordered aboard to eject the jewish migrants british soldiers forcibly disembarking morenci rosman from runnymede park in hamburg the officer in charge of the operation lt col gregson later gave a frank assessment of the operation which left up to 33 jews including four women injured 68 jews were held in custody to be put on trial for unruly behaviour only three soldiers were hurt gregson later admitted that he had considered using tear gas against the migrants he concluded the jew is liable to panic and 800 900 jews fighting to get up a stairway to escape tear smoke could have produced a deplorable business it is a very frightening thing to go into the hold full of yelling maniacs when outnumbered six or eight to one describing the assault the officer wrote to his superiors after a very short pause with a lot of yelling and female screams every available weapon up to a biscuit and bulks of timber was hurled at the soldiers they withstood it admirably and very stoically till the jews assaulted and in the first rush several soldiers were downed with half a dozen jews on top kicking and tearing no other troops could have done it as well and as humanely as these british ones did it should be borne in mind that the guiding factor in most of the actions of the jews is to gain the sympathy of the world press royal military police escorting a refugee along the railway platform at poppendorf germany one of the official observers who witnessed the violence was dr noah barou secretary of the british section of the world jewish congress who described young soldiers beating holocaust survivors as a terrible mental picture they went into the operation as a football match and it seemed evident that they had not had it explained to them that they were dealing with people who had suffered a lot and who are resisting in accordance with their convictions people were usually hit in the stomach and this in my opinion explains that many people who did not show any signs of injury were staggering and moving very slowly along the staircase giving the impression that they were half starved and beaten up when the people walked off the ship many of them especially younger people were shouting to the troops hitler commandos gentleman fascists sadists one young girl came to the top of the stairs and shouted to the soldiers i am from dachau and when they did not react she shouted hitler commandos the british denied using excessive force yet conceded that in one case a jew was dragged down the gangway by the feet with his head bumping on the wooden slats a homemade bomb with a timed fuse was found aboard empire rival it was apparently set to detonate after the jews had been removed 61 camp conditions edit rabbi shlomo zev zweigenhaft center with hat speaking to captain ike aronowicz of the exodus left outside a nissen hut during a visit to a dp camp in poppendorf the treatment of the refugees at the camps caused an international outcry after it was alleged that the conditions could be likened to german concentration camps citation needed dr barou was once again on hand to witness events he reported that conditions at camp poppendorf were poor and that it was being run by a german camp commandant that was denied by the british it turned out that barou s reports had been untrue there was no german commandant or guards but there were german staff carrying out duties inside the camp in accordance with the standard british military practice of using locally employed civilians for non security related duties but the jewish allegations of cruel and insensitive treatment would not go away and on october 6 1947 the foreign office sent a telegram to the british commanders in the region demanding to know whether the camps really were surrounded with barbed wire and guarded by german staff final destination edit a telegram written by jewish leaders of the camps on october 20 1947 makes clear the wishes and determination of the refugees to find a home in palestine nothing will deter us from palestine which jail we go to is up to you the british we did not ask you to reduce our rations we did not ask you to put us in poppendorf and am stau the would be migrants to palestine were housed in nissen huts and tents at poppendorf and am stau but inclement weather made the tents unsuitable the dps were then moved in november 1947 to sengwarden near wilhelmshaven and emden for many of the illegal immigrants this was only a transit point as the brichah managed to smuggle most of them into the u s zone from where they again attempted to enter palestine most had successfully reached palestine by the time of the israeli declaration of independence of the 4 500 would be immigrants to palestine there were only 1 800 remaining in the two exodus 1947 camps by april 1948 within a year over half of the original exodus 1947 passengers had made other attempts at emigrating to palestine which ended in detention in cyprus britain continued to hold the detainees of the cyprus internment camps until it formally recognized the state of israel in january 1949 when they were transferred to israel jewish retaliation edit on september 29 1947 zionist irgun and lehi militants blew up the palestine police force headquarters in haifa in retaliation for the british deportation of jewish migrants who arrived on exodus 1947 62 63 64 ten people were killed and 54 injured of which 33 were british 62 four british policemen four arab policemen an arab woman and a 16 year old were killed 62 the 10 storey building was so heavily damaged that it was later demolished 62 they used a barrel bomb described by police as a brand new method and the first use of a barrel bomb by jewish forces 62 irgun went on to carry out many more barrel bomb attacks in 1947 48 fate of the ship edit commemorative plaque at exodus 1947 departure site in sète france after her historic voyage in 1947 the damaged exodus 1947 along with many other aliyah bet ships was moored to the breakwater of haifa port in december 1947 the palestine railways ports authority advertised the ships for sale in british shipping journals the advertisement warned that some of the ships were fit only for scrap but no one bought exodus 1947 54 the founding of the state of israel in 1948 brought massive migration of european jewish refugees from displaced persons camps to israel there was little time or money to focus on the meaning of exodus 1947 abba khoushy the mayor of haifa proposed in 1950 that the ship that launched a nation should be restored and converted into a floating museum of the aliyah bet citation needed as the ship was being restored citation needed an unexplained fire broke out aboard her on august 26 1952 fireboats fought the fire all day but she burned down to her waterline 54 her hulk was towed north of the kishon river and scuttled near shemen beach 65 two significant relics of exodus 1947 were returned to the usa her ship s bell is in the mariners museum in newport news virginia and her steam whistle is on the roof of the new york central iron works in hagerstown maryland 65 in 1964 a salvage effort was made to raise her steel hull for scrap the effort failed and she sank again in 1974 another effort was made to raise her wreck for salvage she was refloated and was being towed toward the kishon river when she sank again parts of exodus 1947 s hull remained visible as a home for fish and destination for fishermen until the mid 2000s the port of haifa may have built its modern container ship quay extensions on top of the wreck the quay where the wreck may be buried is a security zone and not accessible today 66 an unsuccessful dive effort was made to find the wreck of exodus 1947 in october 2016 67 exodus monument international cruise ship terminal haifa israel in historic recognition of the exodus 1947 the first israeli memorial to the exodus 1947 68 was dedicated in a ceremony on july 18 2017 69 the memorial designed by israeli sculptor sam philipe is made of bronze in the shape of an anchor symbolically representing the role exodus 1947 played in the birth of the modern state of israel mounted on a relief map of the country the monument is outside the international cruise ship terminal in the port of haifa cultural references edit in 1958 the book exodus by leon uris based partly on the story of the ship was published though the ship exodus in the book is not the same but a smaller one and the real exodus has been renamed in 1960 the film exodus directed by otto preminger and starring paul newman based on the above novel was released in 1997 the documentary film exodus 1947 directed by elizabeth rodgers and robby henson and narrated by ...
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