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arized or post palatalised in southern accents it is an allophone of l before consonants and pauses and also prevocalically when after the open back vowels ɔ ɑ many northern speakers realize the final l as a strongly pharyngealised vocoid ɤˤ whereas some standard belgian speakers use the clear l in all positions 76 see dutch phonology some netherlandic accents 26 l aten ˈɫ̻aːt̻ə to let pharyngealized laminal realization of l in all positions 26 see dutch phonology english 77 australian fee l fiːɫ ⓘ feel most often apical can be always dark in australia and new zealand see australian english phonology new zealand english phonology and english phonology canadian dublin general american new zealand received pronunciation south african scottish l och ɫɔx loch can be always dark except in some borrowings from scottish gaelic greek northern dialects 78 μπά λα bá ll a ˈbaɫa ball allophone of l before a o u see modern greek phonology georgian ჟო ლ ო zho l o ˈʒo̞ɫo̞ raspberry an allophone of l before o u and a see georgian phonology kurdish sorani gâ l ta گاڵتا gɑːɫˈtʲaː joke see kurdish phonology romanian bessarabian dialect 79 ca l kaɫ horse corresponds to non velarized l in which environments in standard romanian see romanian phonology serbo croatian 80 л ак l ak لاق ɫâ̠k easy apical may be syllabic contrasts with ʎ see serbo croatian phonology uzbek 18 go zal گؤز ل гўзал gɒˈzæl beautifull apical between a non front rounded vowel and a consonant or juncture phoneme non velarized denti alveolar elsewhere 18 variable edit language word ipa meaning notes portuguese european 81 mi l miɫ̪ thousand dental and strongly velarized in all environments for most speakers though less so before front vowels 82 57 older and conservative brazilian 83 84 85 86 á l coo l ˈäɫ̪ko̞ɫ̪ alcohol ethanol when lˠ lʶ lˤ lˀ 87 most often dental coda is now vocalized to u̯ ʊ̯ in most of brazil as in ep in rural parts of alto minho and madeira 88 stigmatized realizations such as ɾ ɽ ɻ the ʁ range j and even zero are some other coda allophones typical of brazil 89 see portuguese phonology see also edit index of phonetics articles lateral consonant velarization l vocalization ł notes edit adjaye sophia 2005 ghanaian english pronunciation edwin mellen press p 198 isbn 978 0 7734 6208 3 realization of l is similar to that of rp a clear or non velarized l l pre vocalically and intervocalically and a dark or velarized l ɫ pre consonantally and pre pausally celce murcia marianne et al 2010 teaching pronunciation cambridge u press p 84 isbn 978 0 521 72975 8 the light l used in all environments in standard german e g licht light viel much many or in french e g lit bed île island schirmer s pocket music dictionary jones 1922 recasens 2012 szalay et al 2024 jones 1922 p 44 qafisheh 1977 pp 2 14 siptár törkenczy 2000 pp 75 76 1 2 3 rogers d arcangeli 2004 p 117 1 2 3 4 5 canepari 1992 p 89 1 2 bertinetto loporcaro 2005 p 133 lunt 1952 p 1 1 2 3 sadowsky et al 2013 pp 88 89 1 2 3 4 kristoffersen 2000 p 25 martínez celdrán fernández planas carrera sabaté 2003 p 255 259 engstrand 2004 p 167 1 2 3 4 sjoberg 1963 p 13 thompson 1959 pp 458 461 thelwall 1990 p 38 dum tragut 2009 p 20 1 2 wheeler 2005 pp 10 11 1 2 voiced alveolar lateral central els sons del català voiced alveolar lateral nord occidental els sons del català 1 2 3 4 recasens espinosa 2005 pp 1 20 1 2 collins mees 2003 pp 197 222 1 2 3 4 collins mees 2003 p 197 1 2 wells 1982 p 515 jones mark sounds words week 4 michaelmas 2010 lecture notes pdf retrieved 7 march 2015 bertinetto loporcaro 2005 p 132 canepari 1992 pp 88 89 labrune 2012 p 92 1 2 3 jerzy treder fonetyka i fonologia archived from the original on 2016 03 04 kara 2003 p 11 masica 1991 p 107 1 2 rocławski 1976 p 130 chițoran 2001 p 10 the guide to reading scottish gaelic pdf oftedal 1956 p 125 hanulíková hamann 2010 p 374 pretnar tokarz 1980 p 21 martínez celdrán fernández planas carrera sabaté 2003 p 255 keane 2004 p 111 danyenko vakulenko 1995 p 10 recasens 1996 p 311 ikekeonwu 1999 p 108 1 2 3 4 zimmer orgun 1999 pp 154 155 1 2 3 göksel kerslake 2005 p 8 merrill 2008 p 108 1 2 árnason 2011 p 115 1 2 ladefoged maddieson 1996 p 192 1 2 capo 1991 pp 49 50 1 2 mangold 2005 p 49 1 2 kristoffersen 2000 pp 24 25 depalatalization and consequential iotization in the speech of fortaleza archived 2011 11 01 at the wayback machine page 2 in portuguese barbosa albano 2004 p 229 in italian accenti romanze portogallo e brasile portoghese the influence of foreign accents on italian language acquisition archived 2012 03 30 at the wayback machine 1 2 finley sara rodrigues susana martins fernando silva susana jesus luis m t 2019 l velarisation as a continuum plos one 14 3 e0213392 bibcode 2019ploso 1413392r doi 10 1371 journal pone 0213392 issn 1932 6203 pmc 6411127 pmid 30856195 runaround generator cruz ferreira 1995 p 92 for example beal 2004 1 2 recasens espinosa 2005 p 4 padluzhny 1989 pp 50 51 bulgarian phonology 1 2 3 rafel 1999 p 14 scholten 2000 p 22 1 2 mathiassen 1996 p 23 lunt 1952 pp 11 12 endresen 1990 177 cited in kristoffersen 2000 25 jones ward 1969 p 168 ó dochartaigh 1997 oftedal 1956 p 123 dahlstedt ågren 1954 1 2 donaldson 1993 p 17 1 2 lass 1987 p 117 watson 2002 p 16 1 2 collins mees 2003 pp 58 197 222 roca johnson 1999 p 73 northern greek dialects portal for the greek language pop 1938 p 30 gick et al 2006 p cruz ferreira 1995 p 93 on l velarization in european portuguese amália andrade 14th international congress of phonetic sciences san francisco 1999 in portuguese the process of norm change for the good pronunciation of the portuguese language in chant and dramatics in brazil during 1938 1858 and 2007 archived 2016 02 06 at the wayback machine page 36 teyssier paul história da língua portuguesa lisboa livraria sá da costa pp 81 83 bisol 2005 p 211 um caso de português tonal no brasil centro de comunicação e expressão universidade federal de santa catarina in portuguese page 49 um caso de português tonal no brasil centro de comunicação e expressão universidade federal de santa catarina in portuguese page 52 melo gladstone chaves de a língua do brasil 4 ed melhorada e aum rio de janeiro padrão 1981 português do sul do brasil variação fonológica archived 2019 12 16 at the wayback machine leda bisol and gisela collischonn pontifícia universidade católica do rio grande do sul 2009 pages 153 156 technically speaking a u colored lᵘ is equivalent to a velarized ɫ dark l while a i colored lⁱ is equivalent to a plain l clear l however the typical clear dark distinction implies only two forms of an alveolar l when in fact any vowel may color its articulation as shown by jones 1922 p 45 with palatograms of the additional examples lᵉ lᵓ lᵅ lᵊ and by szalay et al 2024 with mri and formant analysis confirming a three way lⁱ lᵅ lᵘ distinction references edit árnason kristján 2011 the phonology of icelandic and faroese oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 922931 4 barbosa plínio a albano eleonora c 2004 brazilian portuguese journal of the international phonetic association 34 2 227 232 doi 10 1017 s0025100304001756 beal joan 2004 english dialects in the north of england phonology in schneider edgar w burridge kate kortmann bernd mesthrie rajend upton clive eds a handbook of varieties of english vol 1 phonology mouton de gruyter pp 113 133 isbn 3 11 017532 0 bertinetto marco loporcaro michele 2005 the sound pattern of standard italian as compared with the varieties spoken in florence milan and rome pdf journal of the international phonetic association 35 2 131 151 doi 10 1017 s0025100305002148 hdl 11384 4071 bisol leda 2005 introdução a estudos de fonologia do português brasileiro 4th ed porto alegre rio grande do sul editora edipucrs isbn 85 7430 529 4 canepari luciano 1992 il mªpi manuale di pronuncia italiana handbook of italian pronunciation in italian bologna zanichelli isbn 88 08 24624 8 capo hounkpati b c 1991 a comparative phonology of gbe foris publications labo isbn 3 11 013392 x chițoran ioana 2001 the phonology of romanian a constraint based approach berlin new york mouton de gruyter isbn 3 11 016766 2 collins beverley mees inger m 2003 1981 the phonetics of english and dutch 5th ed leiden brill publishers isbn 90 04 10340 6 cruz ferreira madalena 1995 european portuguese journal of the international phonetic association 25 2 90 94 doi 10 1017 s0025100300005223 s2cid 249414876 dahlstedt karl hampus ågren per uno 1954 övre norrlands bygdemål berättelse på bygdemål med förklaringar och en dialektöversikt danyenko andrii vakulenko serhii 1995 ukrainian lincom europa isbn 978 3 929075 08 3 donaldson bruce c 1993 1 pronunciation a grammar of afrikaans mouton de gruyter pp 1 35 isbn 978 3 11 013426 1 dum tragut jasmine 2009 armenian modern eastern armenian amsterdam john benjamins publishing company endresen rolf theil 1990 svar på anmeldelser av fonetikk ei elementær innføring norsk tidsskrift for sprogvidenskap 169 192 engstrand olle 2004 fonetikens grunder in swedish lund studenlitteratur isbn 91 44 04238 8 gick bryan campbell fiona oh sunyoung tamburri watt linda 2006 toward universals in the gestural organization of syllables a cross linguistic study of liquids journal of phonetics 34 1 49 72 doi 10 1016 j wocn 2005 03 005 göksel asli kerslake celia 2005 turkish a comprehensive grammar routledge isbn 978 0 415 11494 3 hanulíková adriana hamann silke 2010 slovak pdf journal of the international phonetic association 40 3 373 378 doi 10 1017 s0025100310000162 ikekeonwu clara i 1999 igbo handbook of the international phonetic association cambridge university press pp 108 110 isbn 978 0 521 63751 0 jones daniel 1922 the english liquid consonants an outline of english phonetics with 131 illustrations pdf new york g e stechert co pp 44 47 jones daniel ward dennis 1969 the phonetics of russian cambridge university press kara dávid somfai 2003 kyrgyz lincom europa isbn 3 89586 843 4 keane elinor 2004 tamil journal of the international phonetic association 34 1 111 116 doi 10 1017 s0025100304001549 kristoffersen gjert 2000 the phonology of norwegian oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 823765 5 labrune laurence 2012 the phonology of japanese oxford england oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 954583 4 ladefoged peter maddieson ian 1996 the sounds of the world s languages oxford blackwell isbn 0 631 19815 6 ladefoged peter 2005 vowels and consonants second ed blackwell lass roger 1987 intradiphthongal dependencies in anderson john durand jacques eds explorations in dependency phonology dordrecht foris publications holland pp 109 131 isbn 90 6765 297 0 lunt horace g 1952 grammar of the macedonian literary language skopje citation cs1 maint location missing publisher link mangold max 2005 1962 das aussprachewörterbuch 6th ed mannheim dudenverlag isbn 978 3 411 04066 7 martínez celdrán eugenio fernández planas ana ma carrera sabaté josefina 2003 castilian spanish journal of the international phonetic association 33 2 255 259 doi 10 1017 s0025100303001373 mathiassen terje 1996 a short grammar of lithuanian slavica publishers isbn 0 89357 267 5 merrill elizabeth 2008 tilquiapan zapotec journal of the international phonetic association 38 1 107 114 doi 10 1017 s0025100308003344 ó dochartaigh c 1997 survey of the gaelic dialects of scotland i v dublin institute for advanced studies isbn 1 85500 165 9 oftedal magne 1956 a linguistic survey of the gaelic dialects of scotland vol iii the gaelic of leurbost isle of lewis norsk tidsskrift for sprogvidenskap olson kenneth mielke jeff sanicas daguman josephine pebley carol jean paterson hugh j iii 2010 the phonetic status of the inter dental approximant pdf journal of the international phonetic association 40 2 199 215 doi 10 1017 s0025100309990296 s2cid 38504322 padluzhny ped 1989 fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy навука і тэхніка isbn 5 343 00292 7 pop sever 1938 micul atlas linguistic român muzeul limbii române cluj pretnar tone tokarz emil 1980 slovenščina za poljake kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego katowice uniwersytet śląski qafisheh hamdi a 1977 a short reference grammar of gulf arabic tucson arizona university of arizona press isbn 0 8165 0570 5 rafel joaquim 1999 aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l associació fonètica internacional pdf 3rd ed barcelona institut d estudis catalans isbn 978 84 7283 446 0 recasens daniel 1996 1991 fonètica descriptiva del català assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle xx biblioteca filològica in catalan vol 21 2nd ed barcelona spain institut d estudis catalans isbn 978 84 7283 312 8 recasens daniel espinosa aina 2005 articulatory positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear l and dark l evidence from two catalan dialects journal of the international phonetic association 35 1 1 25 doi 10 1017 s0025100305001878 s2cid 14140079 recasens daniel 2012 a cross language acoustic study of initial and final allophones of l pdf speech communication 54 3 368 383 doi 10 1016 j specom 2011 10 001 issn 0167 6393 roca iggy johnson wyn 1999 a course in phonology essex blackwell publishing isbn 0 631 21346 5 rocławski bronisław 1976 zarys fonologii fonetyki fonotaktyki i fonostatystyki współczesnego języka polskiego gdańsk wydawnictwo uczelniane uniwersytetu gdańskiego rogers derek d arcangeli luciana 2004 italian journal of the international phonetic association 34 1 117 121 doi 10 1017 s0025100304001628 sadowsky scott painequeo héctor salamanca gastón avelino heriberto 2013 mapudungun journal of the international phonetic association 43 1 87 96 doi 10 1017 s0025100312000369 scholten daniel 2000 einführung in die isländische grammatik munich philyra verlag isbn 3 935267 00 2 oclc 76178278 siptár péter törkenczy miklós 2000 the phonology of hungarian new york oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 823841 6 sjoberg andrée f 1963 uzbek structural grammar uralic and altaic series vol 18 bloomington indiana university szalay tünde proctor michael gully amelia piyadasa tharinda jin craig waddington david sanaei naeim yue yaoyao foster sheryl ballard kirrie 2024 maxwell olga bundgaard nielsen rikke eds lateral articulation across vowel contexts insights from magnetic resonance imaging pdf proceedings of the nineteenth australasian international conference on speech science and technology sst 2024 canberra australasian speech science and technology association 7 11 issn 2207 1296 thelwall robin 1990 arabic journal of the international phonetic association 20 2 37 41 doi 10 1017 s0025100300004266 s2cid 243640727 thompson laurence 1959 saigon phonemics language 35 3 454 476 doi 10 2307 411232 jstor 411232 watson janet 2002 the phonology and morphology of arabic oxford university press wells john c 1982 accents of english vol 3 beyond the british isles cambridge cambridge university press wheeler max w 2005 the phonology of catalan oxford oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 925814 7 zimmer 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