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problems without waiting for explicit action from the developer 35 at runtime when a failure happens at runtime a binary patch can be searched for and applied online an example of such a repair system is clearview 36 which does repair on x86 code with x86 binary patches search space edit in essence automatic bug fixing is a search activity whether deductive based or heuristic based 37 the search space of automatic bug fixing is composed of all edits that can be possibly made to a program 38 there have been studies to understand the structure of this search space qi et al 39 showed that the original fitness function of genprog is not better than random search to drive the search long et al s 40 study indicated that correct patches can be considered as sparse in the search space and that incorrect overfitting patches are vastly more abundant see also discussion about overfitting below overfitting edit sometimes in test suite based program repair tools generate patches that pass the test suite yet are actually incorrect this is known as the overfitting problem 41 overfitting in this context refers to the fact that the patch overfits to the test inputs there are different kinds of overfitting incomplete fixing means that only some buggy inputs are fixed regression introduction means some previously working features are broken after the patch because they were poorly tested early prototypes for automatic repair suffered a lot from overfitting on the manybugs c benchmark qi et al 6 reported that 104 110 of plausible genprog patches were overfitting in the context of synthesis based repair le et al 42 obtained more than 80 of overfitting patches one way to avoid overfitting is to filter out the generated patches this can be done based on dynamic analysis 43 alternatively tian et al propose heuristic approaches to assess patch correctness 44 45 limitations of automatic bug fixing edit automatic bug fixing techniques that rely on a test suite do not provide patch correctness guarantees because the test suite is incomplete and does not cover all cases 6 a weak test suite may cause generate and validate techniques to produce validated but incorrect patches that have negative effects such as eliminating desirable functionalities causing memory leaks and introducing security vulnerabilities 6 one possible approach is to amplify the failing test suite by automatically generating further test cases that are then labelled as passing or failing to minimize the human labelling effort an automatic test oracle can be trained that gradually learns to automatically classify test cases as passing or failing and only engages the bug reporting user for uncertain cases 46 a limitation of generate and validate repair systems is the search space explosion 40 for a program there are a large number of statements to change and for each statement there are a large number of possible modifications state of the art systems address this problem by assuming that a small modification is enough for fixing a bug resulting in a search space reduction 47 the limitation of approaches based on symbolic analysis 17 18 is that real world programs are often converted to intractably large formulas especially for modifying statements with side effects a broader limitation is developer trust a survey of more than 100 software practitioners found that existing test suite based repair tools cannot produce high quality patches within a top 10 ranking and an acceptable time bound of one hour and that developer trust is a prerequisite for wider adoption of automatic program repair 48 benchmarks edit benchmarks of bugs typically focus on one specific programming language 49 in c the manybugs benchmark collected by genprog authors contains 69 real world defects and it is widely used to evaluate many other bug fixing tools for c 14 7 12 18 in java the main benchmark is defects4j 50 now extensively used in most research papers on program repair for java a detailed study of 395 defects4j patches found that 92 modify a single file the median patch size is four lines and nine repair patterns cover 95 of the bugs 51 52 53 alternative benchmarks exist such as the quixbugs benchmark 54 which contains original bugs and has been used in program repair research 55 other benchmarks of java bugs include bugs jar 56 based on past commits example tools edit automatic bug fixing is an active research topic in computer science there are many implementations of various bug fixing techniques especially for c and java programs note that most of these implementations are research prototypes for demonstrating their techniques i e it is unclear whether their current implementations are ready for industrial usage or not 57 c edit clearview 36 a generate and validate tool of generating binary patches for deployed systems it is evaluated on 10 security vulnerability cases a later study shows that it generates correct patches for at least 4 of the 10 cases 6 genprog 5 14 a seminal generate and validate bug fixing tool it has been extensively studied in the context of the manybugs benchmark semfix 17 the first solver based bug fixing tool for c codephage 10 the first bug fixing tool that directly transfer code across programs to generate patch for c program note that although it generates c patches it can extract code from binary programs without source code 10 leakfix 34 a tool that automatically fixes memory leaks in c programs prophet 7 the first generate and validate tool that uses machine learning techniques to learn useful knowledge from past human patches to recognize correct patches it is evaluated on the same benchmark as genprog and generate correct patches i e equivalent to human patches for 18 out of 69 cases 7 searchrepair 26 a tool for replacing buggy code using snippets of code from elsewhere it is evaluated on the introclass benchmark 58 and generates much higher quality patches on that benchmark than genprog rsrepair and ae angelix 18 an improved solver based bug fixing tool it is evaluated on the genprog benchmark for 10 out of the 69 cases it generate patches that is equivalent to human patches learn2fix 46 the first human in the loop semi automatic repair tool extends genprog to learn the condition under which a semantic bug is observed by systematic queries to the user who is reporting the bug only works for programs that take and produce integers java edit par 16 a generate and validate tool that uses a set of manually defined fix templates qacrashfix 28 a tool that fixes java crash bugs by mining fixes from q a web site arja 59 a repair tool for java based on multi objective genetic programming npefix 60 an automatic repair tool for nullpointerexception in java available on github astor 61 a generate and validate program repair framework for java implementing multiple repair approaches including jgenprog other languages edit autofixe 8 a bug fixing tool for eiffel language it relies the contracts i e a form of formal specification in eiffel programs to validate generated patches getafix 29 operates purely on ast transformations and thus requires only a parser and formatter at facebook it has been applied to hack java and objective c proprietary edit deepcode integrates public and private github gitlab and bitbucket repositories to identify code fixes and improve software 62 kodezi utilizes opensource data from github repositories stack overflow and private trained models to analyze code provide solutions and descriptions about the coding bugs instantly 63 references edit rinard martin c 2008 technical perspective patching program errors communications of the acm 51 12 86 doi 10 1145 1409360 1409381 s2cid 28629846 harman mark 2010 automated patching techniques communications of the acm 53 5 108 doi 10 1145 1735223 1735248 s2cid 9729944 1 2 gazzola luca micucci daniela mariani leonardo 2019 automatic software repair a survey pdf ieee transactions on software engineering 45 1 34 67 bibcode 2019itsen 45 34g doi 10 1109 tse 2017 2755013 hdl 10281 184798 s2cid 57764123 tan shin hwei roychoudhury abhik 2015 relifix automated repair of software regressions 2015 ieee acm 37th ieee international conference on software engineering ieee pp 471 482 doi 10 1109 icse 2015 65 isbn 978 1 4799 1934 5 s2cid 17125466 1 2 3 4 5 6 weimer westley nguyen thanhvu le goues claire forrest stephanie 2009 automatically finding patches using genetic programming proceedings of the 31st international conference on software engineering ieee pp 364 374 doi 10 1109 icse 2009 5070536 isbn 978 1 4244 3453 4 s2cid 1706697 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 qi zichao long fan achour sara rinard martin 2015 an analysis of patch plausibility and correctness for generate and validate patch generation systems proceedings of the 2015 international symposium on software testing and analysis acm doi 10 1145 2771783 2771791 isbn 978 1 4503 3620 8 s2cid 6845282 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 long fan rinard martin 2016 automatic patch generation by learning correct code proceedings of the 43rd annual acm sigplan sigact symposium on principles of programming languages acm pp 298 312 doi 10 1145 2837614 2837617 isbn 978 1 4503 3549 2 s2cid 6091588 1 2 pei yu furia carlo a nordio martin wei yi meyer bertrand zeller andreas may 2014 automated fixing of programs with contracts ieee transactions on software engineering 40 5 427 449 arxiv 1403 1117 bibcode 2014arxiv1403 1117p doi 10 1109 tse 2014 2312918 s2cid 53302638 nokhbeh zaeem razieh khurshid sarfraz 2010 contract based data structure repair using alloy ecoop 2010 object oriented programming lecture notes in computer science vol 6183 pp 577 598 doi 10 1007 978 3 642 14107 2_27 isbn 978 3 642 14106 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 sidiroglou stelios lahtinen eric long fan rinard martin 2015 automatic error elimination by multi application code transfer proceedings of the 36th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation qi yuhua mao xiaoguang lei yan dai ziying wang chengsong 2014 the strength of random search on automated program repair proceedings of the 36th international conference on software engineering icse 2014 austin texas acm pp 254 265 doi 10 1145 2568225 2568254 isbn 978 1 4503 2756 5 s2cid 14976851 1 2 3 long fan rinard martin 2015 staged program repair with condition synthesis proceedings of the 2015 10th joint meeting on foundations of software engineering esec fse 2015 bergamo italy acm pp 166 178 doi 10 1145 2786805 2786811 isbn 978 1 4503 3675 8 s2cid 5987616 martinez matias weimer westley monperrus martin 2014 do the fix ingredients already exist an empirical inquiry into the redundancy assumptions of program repair approaches companion proceedings of the 36th international conference on software engineering pp 492 495 arxiv 1403 6322 doi 10 1145 2591062 2591114 isbn 978 1 4503 2768 8 retrieved 2026 06 13 1 2 3 le goues claire dewey vogt michael forrest stephanie weimer westley 2012 a systematic study of automated program repair fixing 55 out of 105 bugs for 8 each 2012 34th international conference on software engineering icse ieee pp 3 13 doi 10 1109 icse 2012 6227211 isbn 978 1 4673 1067 3 s2cid 10987936 qi zichao long fan achour sara rinard martin 2015 07 13 an analysis of patch plausibility and correctness for generate and validate patch generation systems proceedings of the 2015 international symposium on software testing and analysis new york ny usa acm pp 24 36 doi 10 1145 2771783 2771791 hdl 1721 1 101586 isbn 978 1 4503 3620 8 s2cid 6845282 1 2 3 4 kim dongsun nam jaechang song jaewoo kim sunghun 2013 automatic patch generation learned from human written patches proceedings of the 2013 international conference on software engineering icse 13 ieee press pp 802 811 isbn 978 1 4673 3076 3 1 2 3 4 nguyen hoang duong thien qi dawei roychoudhury abhik chandra satish 2013 semfix program repair via semantic analysis proceedings of the 2013 international conference on software engineering icse 13 san francisco california ieee press pp 772 781 isbn 978 1 4673 3076 3 1 2 3 4 mechtaev sergey yi jooyong roychoudhury abhik 2016 angelix scalable multiline program patch synthesis via symbolic analysis proceedings of the 38th international conference on software engineering icse 2016 austin texas may 14 22 2016 pp 691 701 xuan jifeng martinez matias demarco favio clement maxime marcote sebastian lamelas durieux thomas le berre daniel monperrus martin 2017 nopol automatic repair of conditional statement bugs in java programs ieee transactions on software engineering 43 1 34 55 arxiv 1811 04211 bibcode 2017itsen 43 34x doi 10 1109 tse 2016 2560811 issn 1939 3520 xiong yingfei wang jie yan runfa zhang jiachen han shi huang gang zhang lu may 2017 precise condition synthesis for program repair 2017 ieee acm 39th international conference on software engineering icse pp 416 426 doi 10 1109 icse 2017 45 isbn 978 1 5386 3868 2 jha susmit gulwani sumit seshia sanjit a tiwari ashish 2010 05 01 oracle 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emina udupa abhishek 2013 syntax guided synthesis 2013 formal methods in computer aided design pp 1 8 doi 10 1109 fmcad 2013 6679385 isbn 978 0 9835678 3 7 1 2 ke yalin stolee kathryn le goues claire brun yuriy 2015 repairing programs with semantic code search proceedings of the 2015 30th ieee acm international conference on automated software engineering ase 2015 lincoln nebraska acm pp 295 306 doi 10 1109 ase 2015 60 isbn 978 1 5090 0025 8 s2cid 16361458 jiang nan lutellier thibaud tan lin 2021 cure code aware neural machine translation for automatic program repair 2021 ieee acm 43rd international conference on software engineering icse pp 1161 1173 arxiv 2103 00073 doi 10 1109 icse43902 2021 00107 isbn 978 1 6654 0296 5 1 2 gao qing zhang hansheng wang jie xiong yingfei zhang lu mei hong 2015 fixing recurring crash bugs via analyzing q a sites 2015 30th ieee acm international conference on automated software engineering ase ieee pp 307 318 doi 10 1109 ase 2015 81 isbn 978 1 5090 0025 8 s2cid 2513924 1 2 bader joha...
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