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um 63 specification basic enhanced data rate low energy nominal max range 100 m 330 ft 100 m 330 ft over the air data rate clarification needed 1 3 mbit s 125 kbit s 500 kbit s 1 mbit s 2 mbit s application throughput or goodput 0 7 2 1 mbit s 0 27 1 37 mbit s 64 active slaves 7 not defined implementation dependent security 56 128 bit and application layer user defined 128 bit aes in ccm mode and application layer user defined robustness adaptive fast frequency hopping fec fast ack adaptive frequency hopping lazy acknowledgement 24 bit crc 32 bit message integrity check wake latency from a non connected state typically 100 ms 6 ms minimum total time to send data det battery life 0 625 ms 3 ms 65 voice capable yes yes 66 network topology scatternet scatternet power consumption 1 w as the reference 0 01 0 50 w depending on use case peak current consumption 30 ma 15 ma primary use cases mobile phones gaming headsets stereo audio streaming smart homes wearables automotive pcs security proximity healthcare sports fitness etc mobile phones gaming smart homes wearables automotive pcs security proximity healthcare sports fitness industrial etc more technical details may be obtained from official specification as published by the bluetooth sig note that power consumption is not part of the bluetooth specification advertising and discovery edit ble devices are detected through a procedure based on broadcasting advertising packets this is done using 3 separate channels frequencies in order to reduce interference the advertising device sends a packet on at least one of these three channels with a repetition period called the advertising interval for reducing the chance of multiple consecutive collisions a random delay of up to 10 milliseconds is added to each advertising interval the scanner listens to the channel for a duration called the scan window which is periodically repeated every scan interval the discovery latency is therefore determined by a probabilistic process and depends on the three parameters viz the advertising interval the scan interval and the scan window the discovery scheme of ble adopts a periodic interval based technique for which upper bounds on the discovery latency can be inferred for most parametrizations while the discovery latencies of ble can be approximated by models 67 for purely periodic interval based protocols the random delay added to each advertising interval and the three channel discovery can cause deviations from these predictions or potentially lead to unbounded latencies for certain parametrizations 68 security edit bluetooth low energy has security instances such as the encrypted advertising data ead feature allowing some or all of the application data payload that is transmitted in advertising packets to be encrypted a standard mechanism for the sharing of key material between a broadcasting device and the observers that are intended to receive this data is also defined so that the data may be decrypted when received 69 all transmitted bluetooth le pdus include a cyclic redundancy check crc that is recalculated and checked by the receiving device for the possibility of the pdu having been changed in flight 69 software model edit all bluetooth low energy devices use the generic attribute profile gatt the application programming interface offered by a bluetooth low energy aware operating system will typically be based around gatt concepts 70 gatt has the following terminology client a device that initiates gatt commands and requests and accepts responses for example a computer or smartphone server a device that receives gatt commands and requests and returns responses for example a temperature sensor characteristic a data value transferred between client and server for example the current battery voltage service a collection of related characteristics which operate together to perform a particular function for instance the health thermometer service includes characteristics for a temperature measurement value and a time interval between measurements descriptor a descriptor provides additional information about a characteristic for instance a temperature value characteristic may have an indication of its units e g celsius and the maximum and minimum values which the sensor can measure descriptors are optional each characteristic can have any number of descriptors some service and characteristic values are used for administrative purposes for instance the model name and serial number can be read as standard characteristics within the generic access service services may also include other services as sub functions the main functions of the device are so called primary services and the auxiliary functions they refer to are secondary services identifiers edit services characteristics and descriptors are collectively referred to as attributes and identified by universally unique identifiers uuids any implementer may pick a random or pseudorandom uuid for proprietary uses but the bluetooth sig have reserved a range of uuids of the form xxxxxxxx 0000 1000 8000 00805f9b34fb 71 for standard attributes for efficiency these identifiers are represented as 16 bit or 32 bit values in the protocol rather than the 128 bits required for a full uuid for example the device information service has the short code 0x180a rather than 0000180a 0000 1000 the full list is kept in the bluetooth assigned numbers document online gatt operations edit the gatt protocol provides a number of commands for the client to discover information about the server these include discover uuids for all primary services find a service with a given uuid find secondary services for a given primary service discover all characteristics for a given service find characteristics matching a given uuid read all descriptors for a particular characteristic commands are also provided to read data transfer from server to client and write from client to server the values of characteristics a value may be read either by specifying the characteristic s uuid or by a handle value which is returned by the information discovery commands above write operations always identify the characteristic by handle but have a choice of whether or not a response from the server is required long read and long write operations can be used when the length of the characteristic s data exceeds the mtu of the radio link finally gatt offers notifications and indications the client may request a notification for a particular characteristic from the server the server can then send the value to the client whenever it becomes available for instance a temperature sensor server may notify its client every time it takes a measurement this avoids the need for the client to poll the server which would require the server s radio circuitry to be constantly operational an indication is similar to a notification except that it requires a response from the client as confirmation that it has received the message battery impact edit bluetooth low energy chipset power consumption when acting as a beacon as per the hitchhikers guide to ibeacon hardware by aislelabs 72 bluetooth low energy is designed to enable devices to have very low power consumption several chipmakers including cambridge silicon radio dialog semiconductor nordic semiconductor stmicroelectronics cypress semiconductor silicon labs and texas instruments had introduced bluetooth low energy optimized chipsets by 2014 devices with peripheral and central roles have different power requirements a study by beacon software company aislelabs reported that peripherals such as proximity beacons usually function for 1 2 years powered by a 1 000 mah coin cell battery 73 this is possible because of the power efficiency of bluetooth low energy protocol which only transmits small packets as compared to bluetooth classic which is also suitable for audio and high bandwidth data in contrast a continuous scan for the same beacons in central role can consume 1 000 mah in a few hours android and ios devices also have very different battery impact depending on type of scans and the number of bluetooth low energy devices in the vicinity 74 with newer chipsets and advances in software by 2014 both android and ios phones had negligible power consumption in real life bluetooth low energy use 75 2m phy edit bluetooth 5 has introduced a new transmission mode with a doubled symbol rate bluetooth le has been traditionally transmitting 1 bit per symbol so that theoretically the data rate doubles as well however the new mode doubles the bandwidth from about 1 mhz to about 2 mhz which makes for more interferences on the edge regions the partitioning of the ism frequency band has not changed being still 40 channels spaced at a distance of 2 mhz 76 this is an essential difference over bluetooth 2 edr which also doubled the data rate but was doing that by employing a π 4 dqpsk or 8 dpsk phase modulation on a 1 mhz channel while bluetooth 5 continues to use just frequency shift keying the traditional transmission of 1 mbit in the bluetooth basic rate was renamed 1m phy in bluetooth 5 the new mode at a doubled symbol speed was introduced as the 2m phy in bluetooth low energy every transmission starts on the 1m phy leaving it to the application to initiate a switch to the 2m phy in that case both sender and receiver will switch to the 2m phy for transmissions this is designed to facilitate firmware updates where the application can switch back to a traditional 1m phy in case of errors in reality the target device should be close to the programming station at a few meters le coded edit bluetooth 5 has introduced two new modes with lower data rate the symbol rate of the new coded phy is the same as the base rate 1m phy but in mode s 2 there are two symbols transmitted per data bit in mode s 2 only a simple pattern mapping p 1 is used which simply produces the same stuffing bit for each input data bit in mode s 8 there are eight symbols per data bit with a pattern mapping p 4 producing contrasting symbol sequences a 0 bit is encoded as binary 0011 and a 1 bit is encoded as binary 1100 77 in mode s 2 using p 1 the range doubles approximately while in mode s 8 using p 4 it does quadruple 78 the le coded transmissions have not only changed the error correction scheme but it uses a fundamentally new packet format each le coded burst consists of three blocks the switch block extended preamble is transmitted on the le 1m phy but it only consists of 10 times a binary 00111100 pattern these 80 bits are not fec encoded as usual but they are sent directly to the radio channel it is followed by a header block fec block 1 which is always transmitted in s 8 mode the header block only contains the destination address access address 32 bit and an encoding flag coding indicator 2 bit the coding indicator defines the pattern mapping used for the following payload block fec block 2 where s 2 is possible 79 the new packet format of bluetooth 5 allows transmitting from 2 up to 256 bytes as the payload in a single burst this is a lot more than the maximum of 31 bytes in bluetooth 4 along with reach measurements this should allow for localisation functions as a whole the quadrupled range at the same transmission power is achieved at the expense of a lower data being at an eighth with 125 kbit the old transmission packet format as it continues to be used in the 1m phy and 2m phy modes has been named uncoded in bluetooth 5 the intermediate le coded s 2 mode allows for a 500 kbit data rate in the payload which is both beneficial for shorter latencies as well lower power consumption as the burst time itself is shorter see also edit ant ant bluetooth low energy denial of service attacks dash7 eddystone ieee 802 15 ieee 802 15 4 2006 indoor positioning system ips lora myrianed thread ultra wideband uwb uwb forum wimedia alliance wirelesshd wireless usb zigbee z wave nearlink sparklink low energy sle notes edit mimosa stands for mi crosystems platform for mo bile s ervices and a pplications 13 and is the name of one of the projects funded by the european framework programmes for research and technological development stmicroelectronics went on to release a processor to support implementation of the standard 14 references edit bluetooth smart or version 4 0 of the bluetooth specification bluetooth com bluetooth sig archived from the original on 10 march 2017 gomez carles oller joaquim paradells josep 29 august 2012 overview and evaluation of bluetooth low energy an emerging low power wireless technology sensors 12 9 11734 11753 bibcode 2012senso 1211734g doi 10 3390 s120911734 issn 1424 8220 pmc 3478807 beacons bluetooth com bluetooth sig archived from the original on 24 october 2014 retrieved 21 november 2014 bluetooth smart bluetooth com bluetooth sig is wibree going to rival bluetooth howstuffworks 1 december 2006 retrieved 10 april 2020 bluetooth wireless technology bluetooth com bluetooth sig retrieved 1 march 2025 bluetooth sig extends bluetooth brand introduces bluetooth smart marks bluetooth com press release bluetooth sig 24 october 2011 archived from the original on 3 february 2015 retrieved 31 january 2016 bluetooth smart marks faq bluetooth org bluetooth sig archived from the original on 24 july 2015 retrieved 31 january 2016 brand your product bluetooth com bluetooth sig bluetooth wireless technology is making big breakthroughs in new markets bluetooth com bluetooth sig archived from the original on 8 october 2015 retrieved 8 may 2026 genuth iddo 16 november 2006 nokia s wibree and the wireless zoo the future of things archived from the original on 8 november 2012 honkanen m lappetelainen a kivekas k 2004 low end extension for bluetooth 2004 ieee radio and wireless conference 19 22 september 2004 ieee pp 199 202 doi 10 1109 rawcon 2004 1389107 mimosa website home mimosa fp6 com mimosa fp6 project archived from the original on 4 august 2016 retrieved 18 august 2016 bluenrg ms bluetooth low energy network processor supporting bluetooth 4 1 core specification st com stmicroelectronics retrieved 18 august 2016 bluetooth rival unveiled by nokia bbc news 4 october 2006 retrieved 27 april 2018 wibree forum merges with bluetooth sig pdf wibree com press release nokia 12 june 2007 archived from the original pdf on 16 june 2007 reynolds melanie 12 june 2007 wibree becomes ulp bluetooth electronicsweekly com reed business information limited archived from the original on 7 september 2008 retrieved 9 september 2008 pollicino joe 25 october 2011 bluetooth sig unveils smart marks explains v4 0 compatibility with unnecessary complexity engadget retrieved 17 april 2018 o brien terrence 12 october 2011 iphone 4s claims title of first bluetooth 4 0 smartphone ready to stream data from your cat engadget retrieved 9 february 2014 bluetooth 5 promises four times the range twice the speed of bluetooth 4 0 le transmissions cnx software com 10 june 2016 retrieved 8 november 2017 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