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ecember 5 2001 24 years ago 2001 12 05 3 marketing target personal computing supported platforms motorola 68k 1 0 8 1 powerpc 7 1 2 9 2 2 kernel type monolithic for 68k nanokernel for powerpc default user interface graphical license commercial software proprietary software succeeded by mac os x support status historical unsupported as of february 1 2002 part of a series on classic mac os versions system 1 system 2 3 and 4 system 5 system 6 system 7 mac os 7 mac os 8 mac os 9 applications calculator chooser drive setup dvd player finder graphing calculator keychain access pictureviewer powertalk quicktime player network browser scrapbook sherlock software update stickies system information simpletext developer hypercard macsbug macintosh programmer s workshop resedit technology alias appearance manager apple menu at ease balloon help bomb error command key control panel control strip creator code dogcow extensions hierarchical file system hfs plus keychain labels macintosh file system macintosh toolbox managers multifinder option key ostype pict quickdraw quicktime resource fork sosumi sound startup sequence system folder system suitcase type code worldscript related memory management old world rom new world rom software transition to powerpc processors v t e part of a series on macos history and architecture architecture version history transition to intel processors transition to apple silicon darwin cocoa xnu versions version history rhapsody server 1 0 kodiak public beta cheetah 10 0 puma 10 1 jaguar 10 2 panther 10 3 tiger 10 4 leopard 10 5 snow leopard 10 6 lion 10 7 mountain lion 10 8 mavericks 10 9 yosemite 10 10 el capitan 10 11 sierra 10 12 high sierra 10 13 mojave 10 14 catalina 10 15 big sur 11 monterey 12 ventura 13 sonoma 14 sequoia 15 tahoe 26 golden gate 27 applications app store automator books calculator calendar contacts dashboard dictionary facetime finder game center grapher itunes history mail messages music notes notification center photo booth podcasts photos preview quicktime reminders safari sherlock stickies textedit time machine list of built in apps list of compatible software list of compatible games utilities activity monitor airport utility archive utility audio midi setup bluetooth file exchange colorsync console crash reporter digitalcolor meter directory utility diskimagemounter disk utility font book grab help viewer image capture installer keychain access migration assistant network utility odbc administrator remote install mac os x system preferences system information terminal universal access voiceover related operating systems classic mac os copland nextstep rhapsody darwin v t e mac os originally system software retronymically classic mac os a is the series of operating systems developed for the macintosh family of personal computers by apple computer inc from 1984 to 2001 starting with system 1 and ending with mac os 9 the macintosh operating system is credited with having popularized the graphical user interface concept 4 it was included with every macintosh that was sold during the era in which it was developed and many updates to the system software were done in conjunction with the introduction of new macintosh systems apple released the original macintosh on january 24 1984 the first version of the system software which had no official name was partially based on the lisa os which apple previously released for the lisa computer in 1983 as part of an agreement allowing xerox to buy shares in apple at a favorable price it also used concepts from the xerox parc alto computer which former apple ceo steve jobs and other lisa team members had previewed 1 this operating system consisted of the macintosh toolbox rom and the system folder a set of files that were loaded from disk the name macintosh system software came into use in 1987 with system 5 apple rebranded the system as mac os in 1996 starting officially with version 7 6 due in part to its macintosh clone program 5 that program ended after the release of mac os 8 in 1997 6 the last major release of the system was mac os 9 in 1999 7 initial versions of the system software ran one application at a time with the macintosh 512k a system extension called the switcher was developed to use this additional memory to allow multiple programs to remain loaded the software of each loaded program used the memory exclusively only when activated by the switcher did the program appear even the finder s desktop with the switcher the now familiar clipboard feature allowed copy and paste between the loaded programs across switches including the desktop with the introduction of system 5 a cooperative multitasking extension called multifinder was added which allowed content in windows of each program to remain in a layered view over the desktop and was later integrated into system 7 as part of the operating system along with support for virtual memory by the mid 1990s however contemporary operating systems such as windows nt os 2 nextstep bsd and linux had all brought pre emptive multitasking protected memory access controls and multi user capabilities to desktop computers the macintosh s limited memory management and susceptibility to conflicts among extensions that provide additional functionality such as networking or support for a particular device 8 led to significant criticism of the operating system and was a factor in apple s declining market share at the time after two aborted attempts at creating a successor to the macintosh system software called taligent and copland and a four year development effort spearheaded by steve jobs s return to apple in 1997 apple replaced mac os with a new operating system in 2001 named mac os x it retained most of the user interface design elements of the classic mac os and there was some overlap of application frameworks for compatibility but the two operating systems otherwise have completely different origins and architectures citation needed the final updates to mac os 9 released in 2001 provided interoperability with mac os x the name classic that now signifies the historical mac os as a whole is a reference to the classic environment a compatibility layer that helped ease the transition to mac os x now macos 9 initial concept edit main article macintosh the macintosh project started in late 1978 with jef raskin who envisioned an easy to use low cost computer for the average consumer in september 1979 raskin began looking for an engineer who could put together a prototype bill atkinson a member of the apple lisa team introduced raskin to burrell smith a service technician who had been hired earlier that year apple s concept for the macintosh deliberately sought to minimize the user s awareness of the operating system many basic tasks that required more operating system knowledge on other systems could be accomplished by mouse gestures and graphic controls on a macintosh this would differentiate it from its contemporaries such as ms dos which use a command line interface consisting of terse abbreviated textual commands in january 1981 steve jobs completely took over the macintosh project jobs and a number of apple engineers visited xerox parc in december 1979 three months after the lisa and macintosh projects had begun after hearing about the pioneering gui technology being developed at xerox parc from former xerox employees like raskin jobs negotiated a visit to see the xerox alto computer and smalltalk development tools in exchange for apple stock options 10 the final lisa and macintosh operating systems use concepts from the xerox alto but many elements of the graphical user interface were created by apple including the menu bar pull down menus and the concepts of drag and drop and direct manipulation 11 unlike the ibm pc which uses 8 kb of system rom for power on self test post and basic input output system bios the mac rom is significantly larger 64 kb and holds key os code much of the original mac rom code was written by andy hertzfeld a member of the original macintosh team he was able to conserve precious rom space by writing routines in assembly language code optimized with hacks or clever programming tricks 12 in addition to the rom he also coded the kernel the macintosh toolbox and some of the desktop accessories das the icons of the operating system which represent folders and application software were designed by susan kare 13 bruce horn and steve capps wrote the macintosh finder as well as a number of macintosh system utilities in 2025 kare s classic mac icons from this period were included in pirouette turning points in design an exhibition at the museum of modern art moma featuring widely recognized design icons highlighting pivotal moments in design history 14 15 16 this work is also held in the museum s design collection 17 apple aggressively advertised their new machine after its release the company bought all 39 pages of advertisement space in the 1984 november december edition of newsweek magazine the macintosh quickly outsold its more sophisticated but much more expensive predecessor the lisa apple quickly developed macworks a product that allowed the lisa to emulate macintosh system software through system 3 by which time it had been discontinued as the rebranded macintosh xl many of the lisa s operating system advances would not appear in the macintosh operating system until system 7 or later architecture edit compatibility edit early versions of mac os are compatible only with motorola 68000 family macintoshes as apple introduced computers with powerpc hardware the os was ported to support this architecture mac os 8 1 is the last version that could run on a 68k processor the 68040 in systems prior to powerpc g3 based systems significant parts of the system are stored in physical rom on the motherboard the initial purpose of this is to avoid having the os use up most of the 128kib ram of the initial macintosh the initial roms were 64kib this architecture also allows for a completely graphical os interface at the lowest level without the need for a text only console or command line mode boot time errors such as finding no functioning disk drives are communicated to the user graphically usually with an icon or the distinctive chicago bitmap font and a chime of death or a series of beeps this is in contrast to ms dos and cp m computers of the time which display such messages in a mono spaced font on a black background and require the use of the keyboard rather than a mouse for input to provide such niceties at a low level early mac os depends on core system software in rom on the motherboard which also ensured that only apple computers or licensed clones with the copyright protected roms from apple can run mac os mac clones edit main article macintosh clone several computer manufacturers over the years made macintosh clones that were capable of running mac os from 1995 to 1997 apple licensed macintosh roms to several companies notably power computing umax and motorola these machines normally ran various versions of classic mac os steve jobs ended the clone licensing program after returning to apple in 1997 support for macintosh clones was first exhibited in system 7 5 1 which was the first version to include the mac os logo a variation on the original happy mac startup icon and mac os 7 6 was the first to be named mac os instead of system these changes were made to disassociate the operating system from apple s own macintosh models 18 file systems edit the macintosh originally used the macintosh file system mfs a flat file system where folders are just classifications of subsets of files this was quickly replaced in 1985 by the hierarchical file system hfs which had a true directory tree both file systems are otherwise compatible an improved file system named hfs plus hfs or mac os extended was announced in 1997 and implemented in 1998 19 files in most file systems have only one fork by contrast mfs and hfs give files two different forks the data fork contains the same sort of information as a file in other file systems such as the text of a document or the bitmaps of an image file the resource fork contains other structured data such as menu definitions graphics sounds or code segments that would be incorporated into a program s file format on other systems an executable file might consist only of resources including code segments with an empty data fork while a data file might have only a data fork with no resource fork a word processor file could contain its text in the data fork and styling information in the resource fork so that an application that does not recognize the styling information can still read the raw text on the other hand these forks would challenge interoperability with different operating systems in copying or transferring a mac os file to a non mac system the default implementations would strip the file of its resource fork most data files contained only nonessential information in their resource fork such as window size and location but program files would be inoperative without their resources this necessitated such encoding schemes as binhex and macbinary which allowed a user to encode a dual forked file into a single stream or inversely take a single stream so encoded and reconstitute it into a dual forked file usable by mac os release history edit system 1 2 3 and 4 edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed october 2019 learn how and when to remove this message early versions of the macintosh operating system do not have a distinct name the software consists of two user visible files the system file and the finder an application used for file management that also displays the desktop the two files are contained in a folder directory labeled system folder which contains other resource files like a printer driver needed to interact with the system 5 version numbers of the operating system are based on the version numbers of these two files system 1 0 1 1 and 2 0 use a flat file system known as the macintosh file system mfs the finder provides virtual folders that could be used to organize files but these folders are not visible from any other application and do not exist on the disk system 2 0 added support for appletalk and the newly introduced laserwriter to use it system 2 1 finder 5 0 introduced the hierarchical file system hfs which has real directories this version was specifically to support the hard disk 20 and only implements hfs in ram startup and most floppy disks remain mfs 400 k volumes system 3 0 finder 5 1 was introduced with the macintosh plus officially implementing hfs 800k startup drives support for several new technologies including scsi and appleshare and trash bulging i e when the trash contains files it gains a bulged appearance system 4 0 was released with the macintosh se and system 4 1 first shipped wit...
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