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y separate they were subject to co ordination by inspectors of the security police and sd on the staffs of the local higher ss and police leaders however and one of the principal functions of the local sd units was to serve as the intelligence agency for the local gestapo units in the occupied territories the formal relationship between local units of the gestapo criminal police and sd was slightly closer 97 the gestapo became known as rsha amt iv department or office iv with heinrich müller as its chief 34 in january 1943 himmler appointed ernst kaltenbrunner rsha chief almost seven months after heydrich had been assassinated 35 the specific internal departments of amt iv were as follows 98 department a political opponents communists a1 counter sabotage a2 reactionaries liberals and opposition a3 protective services a4 department b sects and churches catholicism b1 protestantism b2 freemasons and other churches b3 jewish affairs b4 department c administration and party affairs central administrative office of the gestapo responsible for card files of all personnel including all officials files card indexes information and administration c1 protective custody c2 press office c3 nsdap matters c4 department d occupied territories administration for regions outside the reich protectorate affairs protectorate of bohemia and moravia regions of yugoslavia greece d1 1st belgrade special combat detachment general government d2 confidential office hostile foreigners emigrants d3 occupied territories france belgium holland norway denmark d4 occupied eastern territories d5 department e security and counterintelligence in the reich e1 policy and economic formation e2 west e3 scandinavia north e4 east e5 south e6 in 1941 referat n the central command office of the gestapo was formed however these internal departments remained and the gestapo continued to be a department under the rsha umbrella the local offices of the gestapo known as gestapo leitstellen and stellen answered to a local commander known as the inspekteur der sicherheitspolizei und des sd inspector of the security police and security service who in turn was under the dual command of referat n of the gestapo and also his local ss and police leader 99 100 in total there were some fifty four regional gestapo offices across the german federal states 101 the gestapo also maintained offices at all nazi concentration camps held an office on the staff of the ss and police leaders and supplied personnel as needed to formations such as the einsatzgruppen 102 personnel assigned to these auxiliary duties were often removed from the gestapo chain of command and fell under the authority of branches of the ss 103 it was the gestapo chief ss brigadierführer heinrich müller who kept hitler abreast of the killing operations in the soviet union and who issued orders to the four einsatzgruppen that their continual work in the east was to be presented to the führer 104 female criminal investigation career according to regulations issued by the reich security main office in 1940 women who had been trained in social work or having a similar education could be hired as female detectives female youth leaders lawyers business administrators with experience in social work female leaders in the reichsarbeitsdienst and personnel administrators in the bund deutscher mädel were hired as detectives after a one year course if they had several years professional experience later nurses kindergarten teachers and trained female commercial employees with an aptitude for police work were hired as female detectives after a two year course as kriminaloberassistentin and could promote to a kriminalsekretärin after another two or three years in that grade the female detective could advance to kriminalobersekretärin further promotions to kriminalkommissarin and kriminalrätin were also possible 105 membership gestapo members in klatovy german occupied czechoslovakia in 1933 there was no purge of the german police forces 106 the vast majority of gestapo officers came from the police forces of the weimar republic members of the ss the sa and the nazi party also joined the gestapo but were less numerous 106 by march 1937 the gestapo employed an estimated 6 500 people in fifty four regional offices across the reich 107 additional staff were added in march 1938 consequent the annexation of austria and again in october 1938 with the acquisition of the sudetenland 107 in 1939 only 3 000 out of the total of 20 000 gestapo men held ss ranks and in most cases these were honorary 108 one man who served in the prussian gestapo in 1933 recalled that most of his co workers were by no means all nazis for the most part they were young professional civil service officers 108 the nazis valued police competence more than politics so in general in 1933 almost all of the men who served in the various state police forces under the weimar republic stayed on in their jobs 109 in würzburg which is one of the few places in germany where most of the gestapo records survived every member of the gestapo was a career policeman or had a police background 110 the canadian historian robert gellately wrote that most gestapo men were not nazis but at the same time were not opposed to the nazi regime which they were willing to serve in whatever task they were called upon to perform 110 over time membership in the gestapo included ideological training particularly once werner best assumed a leading role for training in april 1936 employing biological metaphors best emphasised a doctrine which encouraged members of the gestapo to view themselves as doctors to the national body in the struggle against pathogens and diseases among the implied sicknesses were communists freemasons and the churches and above and behind all these stood the jews 111 heydrich thought along similar lines and advocated both defensive and offensive measures on the part of the gestapo so as to prevent any subversion or destruction of the national socialist body 112 whether trained as police originally or not gestapo agents themselves were shaped by their socio political environment historian george c browder contends that there was a four part process authorisation bolstering routinisation and dehumanisation in effect which legitimised the psycho social atmosphere conditioning members of the gestapo to radicalised violence 113 browder also describes a sandwich effect where from above gestapo agents were subjected to ideologically oriented racism and criminal biological theories and from below the gestapo was transformed by ss personnel who did not have the proper police training which showed in their propensity for unrestrained violence 114 this admixture certainly shaped the gestapo s public image which they sought to maintain despite their increasing workload an image which helped them identify and eliminate enemies of the nazi state 115 population ratios methods and effectiveness contrary to popular belief the gestapo was not the all pervasive omnipotent agency in german society 116 in germany proper many towns and cities had fewer than 50 official gestapo personnel for example in 1939 stettin and frankfurt am main only had a total of 41 gestapo men combined 116 in düsseldorf the local gestapo office of only 281 men were responsible for the entire lower rhine region which comprised 4 million people 117 in lower franconia which included würzburg there were only twenty two gestapo officers overseeing 840 000 or more inhabitants this meant that the nazi secret police was reliant on germans spying on each other 118 these v men as undercover gestapo agents were known were used to infiltrate social democratic party of germany spd and communist opposition groups but this was more the exception than the rule 119 the gestapo office in saarbrücken had 50 full term informers in 1939 119 the district office in nuremberg which had the responsibility for all of northern bavaria employed a total of 80 100 full term informers between 1943 and 1945 119 the majority of gestapo informers were not full term employees working undercover but were rather ordinary citizens who chose to denounce other people to the gestapo 120 according to canadian historian robert gellately s analysis of the local offices established the gestapo was for the most part made up of bureaucrats and clerical workers who depended upon denunciations by citizens for their information gellately argued that it was because of the widespread willingness of germans to inform on each other to the gestapo that germany between 1933 and 1945 was a prime example of panopticism 121 the gestapo at times was overwhelmed with denunciations and most of its time was spent sorting out the credible from the less credible denunciations 122 many of the local offices were understaffed and overworked struggling with the paper load caused by so many denunciations 123 gellately has also suggested that the gestapo was a reactive organisation constructed within german society and whose functioning was structurally dependent on the continuing co operation of german citizens 124 after 1939 when many gestapo personnel were called up for war related work such as service with the einsatzgruppen the level of overwork and understaffing at the local offices increased 123 for information about what was happening in german society the gestapo continued to be mostly dependent upon denunciations 125 80 of all gestapo investigations were started in response to information provided by denunciations by ordinary germans while 10 were started in response to information provided by other branches of the german government and another 10 started in response to information that the gestapo itself unearthed 122 the information supplied by denunciations often led the gestapo in determining who was arrested 125 the popular picture of the gestapo with its spies everywhere terrorising german society has been rejected by many historians as a myth invented after the war as a cover for german society s widespread complicity in allowing the gestapo to work 125 126 work done by social historians such as detlev peukert robert gellately reinhard mann inge marssolek rené otto klaus michael mallmann and paul gerhard which by focusing on what the local offices were doing has shown the gestapo s almost total dependence on denunciations from ordinary germans and very much discredited the older big brother picture with the gestapo having its eyes and ears everywhere 127 for example of the 84 cases in würzburg of rassenschande race defilement sexual relations with non aryans 45 54 were started in response to denunciations by ordinary people two 2 by information provided by other branches of the government 20 24 via information gained during interrogations of people relating to other matters four 5 from information from nazi nsdap organisations two 2 during political evaluations and 11 13 have no source listed while none were started by gestapo s own observations of the people of würzburg 128 an examination of 213 denunciations in düsseldorf showed that 37 were motivated by personal conflicts no motive could be established in 39 and 24 were motivated by support for the nazi regime 129 the gestapo always showed a special interest in denunciations concerning sexual matters especially cases concerning rassenschande with jews or between germans and foreigners in particular polish slave workers the gestapo applied even harsher methods to the foreign workers in the country especially those from poland 130 jews catholics and homosexuals 131 as time went by anonymous denunciations to the gestapo caused trouble to various nsdap officials who often found themselves being investigated by the gestapo 132 of the political cases 61 people were investigated for suspicion of belonging to the kpd 44 for the spd and 69 for other political parties 133 most of the political investigations took place between 1933 and 1935 with the all time high of 57 cases in 1935 133 after that year political investigations declined with only 18 investigations in 1938 13 in 1939 two in 1941 seven in 1942 four in 1943 and one in 1944 133 the other category associated with non conformity included everything from a man who drew a caricature of hitler to a catholic teacher suspected of being lukewarm about teaching national socialism in his classroom 133 the administrative control category concerned those who were breaking the law concerning residency in the city 133 the conventional criminality category concerned homosexuality and economic crimes such as money laundering and smuggling 134 while the total number of gestapo officials was limited when contrasted against the represented populations the average volksgenosse nazi term for the member of the german people was typically not under observation so the statistical ratio between gestapo officials and inhabitants is largely worthless and of little significance according to some recent scholars 135 as historian eric johnson remarked the nazi terror was selective terror with its focus upon political opponents ideological dissenters clergy and religious organisations career criminals the sinti and roma population handicapped persons homosexuals and above all upon the jews 4 selective terror by the gestapo as mentioned by johnson is also supported by historian richard evans who states that violence and intimidation rarely touched the lives of most ordinary germans denunciation was the exception not the rule as far as the behaviour of the vast majority of germans was concerned 136 the involvement of ordinary germans in denunciations also needs to be put into perspective so as not to exonerate the gestapo as evans makes clear it was not the ordinary german people who engaged in surveillance it was the gestapo nothing happened until the gestapo received a denunciation and it was the gestapo s active pursuit of deviance and dissent that was the only thing that gave denunciations meaning 137 the gestapo s effectiveness remained in the ability to project omnipotence they co opted the assistance of the german population by using denunciations to their advantage proving in the end a powerful ruthless and effective organ of terror under the nazi regime that was seemingly everywhere 138 lastly the gestapo s effectiveness while aided by denunciations and the watchful eye of ordinary germans was more the result of the co ordination and co operation amid the various police organs within germany the assistance of the ss and the support provided by the various nazi party organisations all of them together forming an organised persecution network 139 torture the gestapo employed torture as a routine method to extract confessions punish political enemies and enforce ideological conformity in nazi germany the official evidence for which was destroyed by the nazis with gestapo case files being rarely found 140 normal methods of investigation by the gestapo included various forms of blackma...
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