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less than u s nationals working in the mines 39 in the state of veracruz textile workers rioted in january 1907 at the huge río blanco factory the world s largest protesting against unfair labor practices they were paid in credit that could be used only at the company store binding them to the company 40 these strikes were ruthlessly suppressed with factory owners receiving support from government forces in the cananea strike mine owner william cornell greene received support from díaz s rurales in sonora as well as arizona rangers called in from across the u s border 39 arizona rangers were ordered to use violence to combat labor unrest 41 in the state of veracruz the mexican army gunned down rio blanco textile workers and put the bodies on train cars that transported them to veracruz where the bodies were dumped in the harbor as food for sharks 42 since the press was censored in mexico under díaz little was published that was critical of the regime newspapers barely reported on the rio blanco textile strike the cananea strike or harsh labor practices on plantations in oaxaca and yucatán leftist mexican opponents of the díaz regime such as ricardo flores magón and práxedis guerrero went into exile in the relative safety of the united states but cooperation between the u s government and díaz s agents resulted in the arrest of some radicals 43 presidential succession in 1910 edit general bernardo reyes who later rebelled against president madero francisco i madero campaigns from the back of a railway car in 1910 díaz had ruled continuously since 1884 the question of presidential succession was an issue as early as 1900 when he turned 70 44 díaz re established the office of vice president in 1906 choosing ramón corral rather than managing political succession díaz marginalized corral keeping him away from decision making 45 díaz publicly announced in an interview with journalist james creelman for pearson s magazine that he would not run in the 1910 election at age 80 this set the scene for a possible peaceful transition in the presidency it set off a flurry of political activity to the dismay of potential candidates to replace him he reversed himself and ran again his later reversal on retiring from the presidency set off tremendous activity among opposition groups díaz seems to have initially considered finance minister josé yves limantour as his successor limantour was a key member of the científicos the circle of technocratic advisers steeped in positivist political science another potential successor was general bernardo reyes díaz s minister of war who also served as governor of nuevo león reyes an opponent of the científicos was a moderate reformer with a considerable base of support 44 díaz became concerned about him as a rival and forced him to resign from his cabinet he attempted to marginalize reyes by sending him on a military mission to europe 45 distancing him from mexico and potential political supporters the potential challenge from reyes would remain one of díaz s political obsessions through the rest of the decade which ultimately blinded him to the danger of the challenge of francisco madero s anti re electionist campaign 45 in 1910 francisco i madero a young man from a wealthy landowning family in the northern state of coahuila announced his intent to challenge díaz for the presidency in the next election under the banner of the anti reelectionist party madero chose as his running mate francisco vázquez gómez a physician who had opposed díaz 46 madero campaigned vigorously and effectively to ensure madero did not win díaz had him jailed before the election he escaped and fled for a short period to san antonio texas 47 díaz was announced the winner of the election by a landslide end of the porfiriato november 1910 may 1911 edit see also treaty of ciudad juárez principal battles during the fight to oust díaz november 1910 may 1911 most action was in the northern border area with the battle of ciudad juárez being a decisive blow but the struggle in morelos by the zapatistas was also extremely important since the state was just south of the mexican capital pancho villa and followers on 5 october 1910 madero issued a letter from jail known as the plan de san luis potosí with its main slogan sufragio efectivo no re elección effective voting no re election it declared the díaz presidency illegal and called for a revolt against him starting on 20 november 1910 madero s political plan did not outline a major socioeconomic revolution but offered hopes of change for many disadvantaged mexicans the plan strongly opposed militarism in mexico as it was constituted under díaz calling on federal army generals to resign before true democracy could prevail in mexico madero realized he needed a revolutionary armed force enticing men to join with the promise of formal rank and encouraged federales to join the revolutionary forces with the promise of promotion 48 madero s plan was aimed at fomenting a popular uprising against díaz but he also understood that the support of the united states and american financiers would be of crucial importance in undermining the regime the rich and powerful madero family drew on its resources to make regime change possible with madero s brother gustavo a madero hiring in october 1910 the firm of washington lawyer sherburne hopkins the world s best rigger of latin american revolutions to encourage support in the u s 30 a strategy to discredit díaz with american business and the u s government achieved some success with standard oil representatives engaging in talks with gustavo madero more importantly the american government bent neutrality laws for the revolutionaries 49 in late 1910 revolutionary movements arose in response to madero s plan de san luis potosí still their ultimate success resulted from the federal army s weakness and inability to suppress them 50 madero s vague promises of land reform attracted many peasants throughout the country spontaneous rebellions arose in which ordinary farm laborers miners and other working class mexicans along with much of the country s population of indigenous peoples fought díaz s forces with some success madero attracted the forces of rebel leaders such as pascual orozco pancho villa emiliano zapata and venustiano carranza a young and able revolutionary orozco along with chihuahua governor abraham gonzález formed a powerful military union in the north and although they were not especially committed to madero took mexicali and chihuahua city these victories encouraged alliances with other revolutionary leaders including villa against madero s wishes orozco and villa fought for and won ciudad juárez bordering el paso texas on the south side of the rio grande madero s call to action had unanticipated results such as the magonista rebellion of 1911 in baja california 51 interim presidency may november 1911 edit francisco león de la barra interim president of mexico may november 1911 with the federal army defeated in several battles with irregular voluntary forces díaz s government began negotiations with the revolutionaries in the north in historian edwin lieuwen s assessment victors always attribute their success to their own heroic deeds and superior fighting abilities in the spring of 1911 armed bands under self appointed chiefs arose all over the republic drove díaz officials from the vicinity seized money and stamps and staked out spheres of local authority towns cities and the countryside passed into the hands of the maderistas 50 díaz sued for peace with madero who himself did not want a prolonged and bloody conflict the result was the treaty of ciudad juárez signed on 21 may 1911 the signed treaty stated that díaz would abdicate the presidency along with his vice president ramón corral by the end of may 1911 to be replaced by an interim president francisco león de la barra until elections were held díaz and his family and a number of top supporters were allowed to go into exile 52 when díaz left for exile in paris he was reported as saying madero has unleashed a tiger let us see if he can control it 53 with díaz in exile and new elections to be called in october the power structure of the old regime remained firmly in place francisco león de la barra became interim president pending an election to be held in october 1911 madero considered de la barra an acceptable figure for the interim presidency since he was not a científico or politician but rather a catholic lawyer and diplomat 54 he appeared to be a moderate but the german ambassador to mexico paul von hintze who associated with the interim president said of him that de la barra wants to accommodate himself with dignity to the inevitable advance of the ex revolutionary influence while accelerating the widespread collapse of the madero party 55 the federal army despite its numerous defeats by the revolutionaries remained intact as the government s force madero called on revolutionary fighters to lay down their arms and demobilize which emiliano zapata and the revolutionaries in morelos refused to do the cabinet of de la barra and the mexican congress was filled with supporters of the díaz regime madero campaigned vigorously for the presidency during this interim period but revolutionaries who had supported him and brought about díaz s resignation were dismayed that the sweeping reforms they sought were not immediately instituted he did introduce some progressive reforms including improved funding for rural schools promoting some aspects of agrarian reform to increase the amount of productive land labor reforms including workman s compensation and the eight hour day but also defended the right of the government to intervene in strikes according to historian peter v n henderson de la barra s and congress s actions suggests that few porfirians wished to return to the status quo of the dictatorship rather the thoughtful progressive members of the porfirian meritocracy recognized the need for change 56 de la barra s government sent general victoriano huerta to fight in morelos against the zapatistas burning villages and wreaking havoc his actions drove a wedge between zapata and madero which widened when madero was inaugurated as president 57 zapata remained in arms continuously until his assassination in 1919 madero won the 1911 election decisively and was inaugurated as president in november 1911 but his movement had lost crucial momentum and revolutionary supporters in the months of the interim presidency and left in place the federal army madero presidency november 1911 february 1913 edit main articles francisco i madero and 1911 mexican general election francisco i madero as president of mexico madero and northern revolutionary pascual orozco who rebelled against him in 1912 madero had drawn some loyal and militarily adept supporters who brought down the díaz regime by force of arms madero himself was not a natural soldier and his decision to dismiss the revolutionary forces that brought him to power isolated him politically he was an inexperienced politician who had never held office before he firmly held to democratic ideals which many consider evidence of naivete his election as president in october 1911 raised high expectations among many mexicans for positive change the treaty of ciudad juárez guaranteed that the essential structure of the díaz regime including the federal army was kept in place 58 madero fervently held to his position that mexico needed real democracy which included regime change by free elections a free press and the right of labor to organize and strike the rebels who brought him to power were demobilized and madero called on these men of action to return to civilian life according to a story told by pancho villa a leader who had defeated díaz s army and forced his resignation and exile he told madero at a banquet in ciudad juárez in 1911 you madero sir have destroyed the revolution it s simple this bunch of dandies have made a fool of you and this will eventually cost us our necks yours included 59 ignoring the warning madero increasingly relied on the federal army as armed rebellions broke out in mexico in 1911 12 with particularly threatening insurrections led by emiliano zapata in morelos and pascual orozco in the north both zapata and orozco had led revolts that had put pressure on díaz to resign and both felt betrayed by madero once he became president the press embraced its newfound freedom and madero became a target of its criticism organized labor which had been suppressed under díaz could and did stage strikes which foreign entrepreneurs saw as threatening their interests although there had been labor unrest under díaz labor s new freedom to organize also came with anti american currents 60 the anarcho syndicalist casa del obrero mundial house of the world worker was founded in september 1912 by antonio díaz soto y gama manuel sarabia and lázaro gutiérrez de lara and served as a center of agitation and propaganda but it was not a formal labor union 61 62 political parties proliferated one of the most important was the national catholic party which in several regions of the country was particularly strong 63 several catholic newspapers were in circulation during the madero era including el país and la nación only to be later suppressed under the victoriano huerta regime 1913 1914 64 under díaz relations between the roman catholic church and the mexican government were stable with the anticlerical laws of the mexican constitution of 1857 remaining in place but not enforced so conflict was muted 65 during madero s presidency church state conflict was channeled peacefully 65 the national catholic party became an important political opposition force during the madero presidency 66 in the june 1912 congressional elections militarily quiescent states the catholic party pcn did conspicuously well 67 during that period the catholic association of mexican youth acjm was founded although the national catholic party was an opposition party to the madero regime madero clearly welcomed the emergence of a kind of two party system catholic and liberal he encouraged catholic political involvement echoing the exhortations of the episcopate 68 what was emerging during the madero regime was díaz s old policy of church state detente was being continued perhaps more rapidly and on surer foundations 66 the catholic church in mexico was working within the new democratic system promoted by madero but it had its interests to promote some of which were the forces of the old conservative church while the new progressive church supporting social catholicism of the 1891 papal encyclical rerum novarum was also a current when madero was overthrown in february 1913 by counter revolutionaries the conservative wing of the church supported the coup 69 madero did not have the experience or the ideological inclination to reward men who had helped bring him to power some revolut...
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