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ng to a study carried out by the pew research center a combined 16 of the world s population in 2011 were upper middle income and upper income 42 an april 2019 oecd report said that the millennial generation is being pushed out of the middle class throughout the western world 43 china edit since the beginning of the 21st century china s middle class has grown by significant margins according to the center for strategic and international studies by 2013 some 420 million people or 31 of the chinese population qualified as middle class 44 based on the world bank definition of middle class as those having with daily spending between 10 and 50 per day nearly 40 of the chinese population were considered middle class as of 2017 45 germany edit in 2017 andreas reckwitz described two middle classes in germany the new middle class and the old middle class the new middle class consists primarily of highly qualified academics in large cities with good career prospects especially in the knowledge economy although this new middle class has a high ecological footprint for example due to frequent air travel it nevertheless considers ecologically responsible behavior to be important the old middle class are people with a medium level of education often in small town rural regions who tend to be conservative and traditional in their attitudes and lifestyles 46 47 india edit estimates vary widely on the number of middle class people in india a 1983 article put the indian middle class as somewhere between 70 and 100 million 48 according to one study the middle class in india stood at between 60 and 80 million by 1990 49 according to the economist 78 million of india s population are considered middle class as of 2017 if defined using the cutoff of those making more than 10 per day a standard used by the india s national council of applied economic research 50 if including those with incomes between 2 and 10 per day the number increases to 604 million this was termed by researchers as the new middle class 51 measures considered include geography lifestyle income and education the world inequality report in 2018 further concluded that elites i e the top 10 are accumulating wealth at a greater rate than the middle class that rather than growing india s middle class may be shrinking in size 50 africa edit according to a 2014 study by standard bank economist simon freemantle a total of 15 3 million households in 11 surveyed nations of africa are middle class angola ethiopia ghana kenya mozambique nigeria south sudan sudan tanzania uganda and zambia 52 in south africa a report conducted by the institute for race relations in 2015 53 estimated that 10 20 of south africans are middle class based on various criteria 54 an earlier study estimated that in 2008 21 3 of south africans were members of the middle class 55 a study by eiu canback indicates 90 of africans fall below an income of 10 a day the proportion of africans in the 10 20 middle class excluding south africa rose from 4 4 to only 6 2 between 2004 and 2014 over the same period the proportion of upper middle class income 20 50 a day went from 1 4 to 2 3 56 according to a 2014 study by the german development institute the middle class of sub saharan africa rose from 14 million to 31 million people between 1990 and 2010 57 latin america edit over the years estimates on the size of the latin america s middle class have varied a 1960 study stated that the middle strata in latin america as a whole exclusive of indians constituted just under 20 of the national society 58 a 1964 study estimated that 45 million latin americans belonged to the urban middle class while 15 million belonged to the urban well to do and 8 million to the rural middle class and well to do 59 in brazil according to one estimate in 1970 the lower middle class comprised 12 of the population while the upper middle class comprised 3 60 in the mid 1970s it was estimated by one authority that the brazilian middle class comprised between 15 and 25 of the population 61 a 1969 economic survey estimated that 15 of brazilians belonged to the middle class 62 another study has estimated that in 1970 the lower middle class comprised 12 5 of the population of brazil while the upper middle class comprised 3 and the upper class 1 5 63 by 1970 according to one study the middle class of argentina comprised 38 of the economically active population compared with 19 in brazil and 24 in mexico 64 according to a 1973 study on mexico the well to middle class which included technicians professionals merchants industrialists and landholders made up 11 of the population while the middle class proper which included merchants small farmers teachers and bureaucrats made up 19 of the population in addition the upper class made up 5 of the population while 65 of the population included workers slum dwellers and peasants 65 a later study on mexico from 1975 estimated that the middle class in 1968 defined as families earning between 2 000 and 5 000 pesos annually comprised 36 4 of the population while the upper class defined as families earning over 5 000 pesos annually comprised 9 4 of the population and the lower class defined as families earning less than 2 000 pesos annually comprised 53 9 of the population 66 according to a study by the world bank the number of latin americans who are middle class rose from 103 million to 152 million between 2003 and 2009 67 russia edit due to sustainable growth the pre crisis 68 level was exceeded 69 in 2015 research from the russian academy of sciences estimated that around 15 of the russian population are firmly middle class while around another 25 are on the periphery 70 see also edit society portal politics portal economics portal american middle class social class in the united states british class system social structure of british society pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets classlessness society in which no one is born into a social class pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets cultural determinism concept in social science kulak wealthy independent farmer in the russian empire and early soviet union the lonely crowd 1950 book by david riesman lower middle class social class which is a sub division of the greater middle class lower class hierarchical stratification of societies pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets middle class squeeze decline in middle class real wages and increase in economic inequality occupational prestige public perception of an individual s job one third hypothesis status paradox status paradox of migration upper middle class social class references edit lópez weinstein a ricardo barbara 2012 the making of the middle class toward a transnational history north carolina us duke university press pp 3 4 isbn 9780822394815 tarkhnishvili anna levan 2013 middle class definition role and development pdf global journal of human social science sociology culture 13 2 archived pdf from the original on 2022 01 23 retrieved 2022 03 19 via global journals what is middle class anyway archived from the original on 2020 07 06 retrieved 2020 08 03 baizidi rahim 17 july 2019 paradoxical class paradox of interest and political conservatism in middle class asian journal of political science 27 3 272 285 doi 10 1080 02185377 2019 1642772 issn 0218 5377 s2cid 199308683 sussman gerald 2024 09 05 british and american electoral politics in the age of neoliberalism parallel trajectories taylor francis isbn 978 1 040 13075 9 parker john 12 february 2009 special report burgeoning bourgeoisie the economist archived from the original on 15 february 2009 retrieved 4 september 2023 home oxford english dictionary oed com archived from the original on 2015 09 24 retrieved 2012 05 19 james bradshaw 1745 scheme to prevent the running of irish wools to france and irish woollen goods to foreign countries by prohibiting the importation of spanish wools into ireland humbly offered to the consideration of parliament by a merchant of london printed for j smith and g faulkner pp 4 5 retrieved 18 may 2012 hunt margaret r 1996 the middling sort commerce gender and the family in england 1680 1780 university california press isbn 0 520 20260 0 to be one of the middling sort in urban england in the late seventeenth or eighteenth century was to live a life tied one way or another to the world of commerce e n williams our merchants are princes the english middle classes in the eighteenth century history today aug 1962 vol 12 issue 8 pp 548 557 metzgar jack 2021 11 15 the rise of professional middle class labor bridging the divide cornell university press pp 42 51 isbn 978 1 5017 6031 0 retrieved 2025 03 29 engels friedrich 1892 1892 introduction to socialism utopian and scientific marxists internet archive marxists internet archive archived from the original on 2022 04 09 retrieved 2018 06 09 georges lefebvre la révolution française 1951 1957 marx karl engels friedrich 1848 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should be the judge of middle class the new york times 23 december 2010 archived from the original on 18 january 2017 retrieved 4 march 2017 butler patrick 29 june 2016 most people today regard themselves as working class archived from the original on 1 november 2020 retrieved 5 october 2020 alternative link for same study oxford university news most people in britain today regard themselves as working class archived 2020 10 22 at the wayback machine under pressure the squeezed middle class 2019 05 01 retrieved 2023 12 05 communist league britain marxism and class some definitions undated http www mltranslations org britain marxclass htm archived 2009 11 01 at the wayback machine at the middle class lenin v i 25 february 1907 the bolsheviks and the petty bourgeoisie marxists internet archive novy luch archived from the original on 12 june 2018 retrieved 8 june 2018 in particular the peasantry who in russia constitute eight or nine tenths of the petty bourgeoisie are struggling 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