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ran now in kairouan which it dates back to the third century 79 the istanbul quran edit a quran located in the topkapi museum that was written on parchment it is said to be the quran that was in the hands of caliph uthman bin affan on the day he was killed and traces of blood are still visible on its pages to this day according to the description of this quran it is dotted with red color and at the end of the verses there is sometimes a circle occupied by geometric lines it is said to have been written in the handwriting of caliph uthman ibn affan this description indicates that this quran is not an uthmanic quran the quran is inscribed and dotted which was not a characteristic of uthmanic qurans which were non dotted qurans 80 in the qatar islamic cultural center in doha a copy of the istanbul quran is inscribed next to it for identification this large quran is an image of the oldest quran in existence preserved in the topkapi palace in istanbul dating back more than 1 400 years and the image here was taken from the original book page by page to show that the quran is preserved throughout the ages 81 uthmanic illustration edit a sample of the uthmanic illustration of surat al fatiha the word quranic illustration refers to the quranic writing in which the quran was written in uthman s quran which in some words is contrary to the rules of orthography and is not identical to the spoken pronunciation 82 the uthmanic script is defined in the terminology as the position accepted by the companions during the reign of uthman bin affan in writing the words and letters of the quran which is the science that recognizes the violation of the uthmanic quran s handwriting to the principles of standard drawing the term dates back to the qurans copied by caliph uthman ibn affan which he sent to the muslim countries and were without dots and shapes it is possible that the quranic recitation was stabilized in the last presentation and its recitation has not been copied the reason this script is called the uthmanic script is because uthman was the one who ordered this drawing to be transferred and copied in the qurans that he copied and distributed to the people in the cities and ordered them to burn the others and this generalization issued by him is what attached this attribution to him imam al baghawi says in this regard the quran on which the matter was settled is the last version by muhammad so uthman ordered it to be copied in the qurans and gathered people on it and eliminated everything else to cut off the source of disagreement secondly the uthman quran has a special way of distributing the quran so that it can accommodate all the frequent quranic readings third uthman ibn affan gathered all the people on one of the seven ahruf on which the quran was revealed which is the letter on which most of the quran was revealed and written down uthman obliged them with this script in which the general quran was written and left them with the permit to read other ahruf in accordance with the script 83 makki ibn abi talib explains the quran was written on one ahruf and its handwriting is possible for more than one as it was neither dotted nor cursive so that possibility is from the remaining six ahruf 84 ibn taymiyyah states the reason for the variety of readings in the quran is that the sharia permits and authorizes this for them as this is due to the sunnah and not to opinion and innovation 85 uthmanic illustration rules edit the written word must be in accordance with the spoken word without increase or decrease without change or alteration taking into account starting and stopping separating and connecting scholars have paved the way for it with principles and rules and in some letters it is contrary to the imam s quranic script which is why it has been said that two lines cannot be compared the quranic line and arabic prosody and the drawing is limited to six rules 86 87 88 89 90 91 the first rule is deletion letters even if it does exist in the correct spelling in arabic the second rule is the increase they are in letters alef baa and yaa the third rule is the hamza in the uthman illustration the hamza is sometimes depicted as an alef wow and yaa the fourth rule is the wildcard the alef as wow or yaa the fifth rule separate and connect in the uthmanic quran some words are connected when they should be separated and others are separated when they should be connected the sixth rule is multiple readings according to this rule some words that are read with two readings are written with one of the two readings this is all outside the scope of the anomalous readings and sometimes some of the anomalous readings are taken into account in the illustration evolution of uthmanic illustration edit stages in the evolution of the uthmanic quran s punctuation and formation uthman s qurans were written without dots and formulas so that they could be read with the seven ahruf in which the quran was revealed during this period conquests expanded and many non arabic speaking nations were converted to islam foreign language was widespread among the people and there was a lot of melody even among the arabs themselves due to their frequent mixing and intermarriage with arabs and because the quran was without dots the muslim rulers feared that it would be subject to melody and distortion abu al aswad ad du ali complained to ali about this phenomenon so he taught him the principles of grammar and told him a name is what signifies the noun a verb is what signifies the movement of the noun and a letter is what is neither one nor the other 92 93 it is said that ziyad ibn abi sufyan was the first person to turn to dotting the qur an and that muawiya ibn abi sufyan wrote to ziyad when he was governor of basra to send his son ubaydullah to him when he entered the house he found that his son was tuning his reading he wrote to ziyad to blame him for his son s speech so ziyad sent abu al aswad ad du ali telling him this redness has multiplied and corrupted the tongues of the arabs so if you put something in place to reform people s speech and translate the quran abu al aswad apologized so ziyad resorted to a trick by putting a man in his path and when abu al aswad passed by him the man read a verse from the quran and deliberately twisted it this made abu al aswad angry and he said it is shameful for allah to disown his messenger and he said to ziyad i have answered you to what you asked for and i thought i would start with the quran s pronunciation 94 abu al aswad ad du ali then put a dot as a control for the quran abu al aswad was the first to put dots for control as he put the dot in front of the letter to mark the dhamma and a dot above it is a sign of fatha and if it is below it it is for a kasra and the writing continued in this way until al khalil ibn ahmad al farahidi came up with a more precise tuning than abu al aswad al du ali s tuning instead of dots a blanked alef above the letter as a sign of opening and below it as a sign of kasra and a small wow head as a sign of compression and then he made dots on the letters to distinguish them 95 96 uthmanic illustration a obligatory or choice edit the majority of scholars believe that it is obligatory to follow the uthmanic script when writing the quran and that it is not permissible to deviate from it because it is a convention agreed upon by the companions unanimously as ahmad bin hanbal said it is forbidden to violate uthman s writing in wawah yah alef etc 97 another group argued that uthmanic writing is a convention rather than a prescriptive one so it is not obligatory to follow it and there is no prohibition to deviate from it if people agree on a special drawing for dictation and it is common among them 98 the council of senior scholars has prepared detailed research on the issue of writing the quran according to the rules of orthography to summarize those who said that it is permissible to write the quran according to the rules of orthography and those who said it is forbidden or forbidden have a point of view however the justifications for permissibility are subject to the aforementioned criticisms and debates and may not be able to support the argument of permissibility yet they are opposed by the aforementioned contraindications and in accordance with the well known rule that prohibition is prioritized over permissibility and that the side of preventing harms prevails over bringing benefits when there is a tie or a preponderance of the side of harm it may be argued that it is more prudent to stay with the uthmanic form of the quran in any case the issue is a matter of consideration and jurisprudence and the good is to follow the companions and the imams of the salaf 99 the council of the islamic fiqh academy supported not changing the uthmanic illustration after reviewing all this the council of the islamic fiqh academy unanimously decided to support the decision of the council of senior scholars in the kingdom of saudi arabia that it is not permissible to change the drawing of the uthman s quran and that the letterform must remain as it is reception in shia islam edit shiite scholars acknowledge the preservation of the quran from any kind of verbal distortion in all its forms with strong evidence and proof 100 they acknowledge that it was hudhayfah ibn al yaman who advised uthman ibn affan to compile the quran 101 however they take issue with uthman s reliance on collecting and copying the quran from the quran that was in the possession of hafsa bint umar while ignoring the other qurans that were in the possession of the companions including the quran of ali 102 shiites believe that the first person to collect the quran was ali ibn abi talib and that imam ali isolated himself after the death of the muhammad to collect the quran it is narrated that he did not put on his robe until he had collected the quran ibn al nadim reported that he only put on his robe for prayer until he had collected it ibn al nadim said ali saw that the people were nervous when the prophet died so he swore not to put on his robe until he had collected the quran the shiites say that imam ali had a quran like the other qurans that were later collected but the role of these qurans ended when uthman sent them and burned them while ali s quran was kept for himself and his family and was not shown to anyone to preserve the unity of the ummah 103 they said that the difference between imam ali s quran and the other qurans including uthman s is that ali arranged it according to what was revealed and included explanations and interpretations of verses with reasons and locations of revelation ali ibn abi talib said no verse was revealed to the muhammad except that he read it to me and dictated it to me and i wrote it down in my own handwriting and he taught me its interpretation its explanation and its similarities i have never forgotten a verse from the book of allah nor a knowledge that he has dictated to me that i have written down since he prayed for me the quran also includes a number of quranic sciences such as mihkam mutashabiya mansukh naskh and the interpretation of verses and their interpretation shiite scholars narrate that ibn abi talib presented his quran to the people and explained its features and a man from the companions stood up and looked at it and said o ali return it we have no need for it 104 105 the shiite narratives summarize that ali ibn abi talib compiled the quran after the death of muhammad and its verses and chapters were the verses and chapters of the quran in circulation among muslims today and it included the order of the chapters according to the revelation and the reasons for the revelation but the attitude of some of the companions towards his quran was a political one and therefore it is better to consider it another version of the quran with the same chapters and verses and not another quran totally 106 see also edit portals islam books history religion references edit the qurans that uthman burned after copying the quran islamweb fatwa center published on october 4 2008 archived 2017 09 08 at wayback machine marqaat al mufaqifah sharh mashkat al misbahih hadith no 2221 islamic library accessed august 28 2015 archived 2017 10 02 at wayback machine uthman s quran description history was it written by uthman s own hand does it exist now awad ahmed al nashiri al shehri page 5 muslims are still reaping the fruits of uthman s compilation of the quran islamweb fatwa center accessed april 6 2004 archived 2016 03 05 at wayback machine codification of the quran majmaah university by maha bint abdulrahman al lifan archived 2018 12 12 at wayback machine al hakim s al mustadrak al sahihen part 2 page 221 the collection of the holy quran during the reign of the rashidun caliphs fahd bin abdul rahman al rumi 1424 ah 2003 page 10 collecting the qur an during abu bakr s reign islamweb articles accessed august 26 2015 archived 2017 07 20 at wayback machine sahih al bukhari chapter on collecting the quran hadith no 4701 the holy quran network for sunnah and its sciences accessed august 26 2015 archived 2011 06 24 at wayback machine doubts about the collection and writing of the quran viewed on august 26 2015 archived 2017 09 05 at wayback machine fath al bari commentary on sahih al bukhari part 9 page 18 munajid al muqririn and murshid al talibin ibn al jarzi page 21 al tabari s jama al bayan on the interpretation of the quran hadith encyclopedia accessed august 30 2015 archived 2016 03 05 at wayback machine sahih al bukhari chapter on collecting the qur an hadith no 4987 sunnah com https sunnah com bukhari 4987 text save 20this 20nation 20before 20they hafsa 20sent 20it 20to 20 60uthman collecting the qur an during the reign of the rashidun caliphs page 20 fath al bari commentary on sahih al bukhari part 1 page 17 fath al bari commentary on sahih al bukhari part 9 page 19 collecting the qur an during the reign of the rashidun caliphs page 22 muftah al raghibin ahmad ismail yahya egyptian and lebanese house 1420 ah page 87 the uthman quran its characterization its history whether it was written by uthman s hand and whether it exists now awad ahmed al nashiri al shehri page 7 book of the quran by ibn abi dawud chapter on the collection of the qur an hadith encyclopedia accessed august 26 2015 archived 2016 03 05 at wayback machine sahih bukhari chapter the quran was revealed in the language of quraysh hadith no 3315 collecting the holy quran during the reign of the rashidun caliphs fahd bin abdulrahman al rumi page 24 studies in the science of the qur an fahd al rumi pp 87 89 collecting the holy quran during the reign of the rashidun caliphs fahd bin abdul rahman al rumi page 22 25 the wise ways in shari ah politics ibn al qayyim page 16 al torok al hakima fi al syasa al shari ah politics ibn al qayyim page 16 al itqan in the sciences of the qur an jalal al din al suyuti part 1 page 60 ibn abi dawud s the qurans p...
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