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he table of contents vladimir suzdal school 2 languages 한국어 русский edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia russian art school the vladimir suzdal school russian владимиро суздальская школа was a russian art school that developed in vladimir suzdal in the 12th 14th centuries 1 it is known for its achievements in stone architecture white stone carving icon painting and fresco the white monuments of vladimir and suzdal were included in the unesco world heritage site list in 1992 early history edit in 1113 1125 the zalesskaya zemlya land behind the forests or suzdalia belonged to the princes of chernigov and pereyaslav as well as grand prince vladimir ii monomakh of kiev prince yuri dolgorukiy who left kiev in 1150 founded the city of pereyaslavl near lake pleshcheyevo unlike pereyaslavl of the kiev land this city later received the name zalessky a in 1152 1160 the white stone transfiguration cathedral was built in pereyaslavl it is well preserved and is a square four column building with three apses choirs and one massive dome there is an assumption that due to hostile relations with kiev prince yuri turned for help to his loyal ally the galician prince vladimir and the team from galich volynsky western according to one version krakow according to another hungarian masters also worked in pereyaslavl this is evidenced by the western european technique of laying limestone blocks with a backfill of boulders on lime mortar 2 the galician team also worked in kideksha the residence of prince yuri on the nerl river near suzdal the church of boris and gleb in kideksha 1152 demonstrates features of western european architecture in addition to the laying technique the elements of carved decor and the arcade belt are also notable dating back to the arcades of lombard lombard arched gallery and southern german architecture in 1108 vladimir ii monomakh founded a fortress on a hill near the klyazma river the city s later name vladimir comes from his name excavations of foundations of buildings that have not survived in smolensk suzdal and vladimir indicate the work of the kiev or pereyaslavl artel 3 the son of yuri dolgorukiy prince andrey bogolyubsky founded his own capital bogolyubovo in 1158 on a bend in the klyazma river according to legend in 1155 on his way from kiev to rostov andrey was carrying an icon of the mother of god from constantinople later known as our lady of vladimir his horse stopped at the place where the mother of god herself later appeared to the prince in a dream ordering him to erect the icon in vladimir at the site of the apparition the city of bogolyuby arose since the mother of god herself loved this place there are also other versions for example from the naming of many princes as god loving 4 5 main architectural monuments edit cathedral of the dormition of the mother of god vladimir 1158 1189 in 1164 andrey bogolyubsky built the golden gate in vladimir modelled on the constantinople gate it has survived to this day with significant changes it was a fortress structure at the entrance to the city from the western side in ancient times the entrance arch was closed by oak gates covered with sheets of gilded copper possibly with images using the gold guided technique the city wall also had other gates silver copper irina which have not survived the gates were crowned with a tiered gate church a typical composition of old russian architecture in 1469 the church was rebuilt by the muscovite master vasili yermolin 6 at the end of the 18th century side towers were added and the upper part was changed again 7 the dormition cathedral in vladimir was founded by andrey bogolyubsky in 1158 standing high on a mountain it is visible from afar the origin of its architecture and masters as well as compositional features still cause scientific debate according to the chronicle andrey received masters for construction from the germans according to vasily tatishchev the prince asked holy roman emperor frederick barbarossa to send masters 8 golden gate vladimir 1164 at first the cathedral was single domed six columned like an inscribed cross with a zakomara like completion of the facades the details were unusual perspective portals stone carving arcade belts half columns at the corners of the building instead of traditional pilasters sculptural consoles these details clearly demonstrate the characteristic techniques of the architects of lombardy northern italy who like the thessalonians were famous at that time for their construction skills these regions were part of the empire of frederick barbarossa the construction of the assumption cathedral was completed in 1160 in 1176 1212 under vsevolod the big nest the cathedral was surrounded by external galleries later the external galleries encircling the main volume of the building would become one of the characteristic compositional features of the vladimir suzdal school of architecture after the reconstruction of 1185 1189 the cathedral became five domed the width of the three nave part of the cathedral is 31 metres 102 ft the height of the central vaults inside is about 22 metres 72 ft the height to the top of the central dome is 35 5 metres 116 ft according to measurements by nikolai voronin ru 9 the architecture of north eastern rus was studied by the historian nikolai voronin according to reconstructions created by voronin the appearance of the cathedral in 1158 1160 and 1185 1189 already with galleries and two tented towers were typical of lombard architecture in northern italy 10 plan of the assumption cathedral in vladimir with bypass galleries in the 1870s the architect and restorer nikolai sultanov ru discovered that the zakomara ceilings of the assumption cathedral ended with typically gothic gables hidden under later masonry the researcher was so embarrassed by his discovery it went beyond the boundaries of ideas about the old russian architecture of those years that he hid this fact and did not mention it later this circumstance served as one of the incentives for scientific research including in italy by a researcher of old russian architecture o m ioannisyan he established that similar elements are found in the cathedrals of germany in worms mainz but they all go back to a common source namely to the buildings erected by lombard masters in northern italy in como the residence of emperor frederick and in pavia the closest prototype is the cathedral in modena 11 a i komech adhered to a similar concept 12 between 1194 and 1197 also during the reign of vsevolod iii a small single domed demetrius church consecrated in honor of demetrius of thessaloniki was built in vladimir its gilded dome has an ancient cross made of gilded copper with a weather vane in the form of a dove which sat on its top the third cathedral the nativity monastery was rebuilt in the 17th century in the mid 19th century the architectural researcher nikolai artleben ru dismantled the dilapidated building by that time and erected the cathedral anew recreating the appearance of the 12th century building under soviet rule in 1930 the cathedral was demolished now it has been recreated on the basis of a hypothetical reconstruction the remains of the palace of andrey bogolyubsky and fragments of the cathedral of the nativity of the virgin mary have been preserved in bogolyubovo the reconstruction of the cathedral connected by passages with the palace buildings part of the 12th century staircase tower has been preserved was developed in the 1950s by nikolai voronin a ciborium with a bowl of holy water was installed on the square in front of the cathedral a characteristic detail of western european romanesque architecture the foliate capitals of the interior pillars were gilded there is also information that the architect was ordered to be guided in his work by descriptions of the temple of solomon in jerusalem 13 church of the intercession on the nerl in bogolyubovo a kilometer from bogolyubovo at the confluence of the nerl river with the klyazma in 1165 or 1158 a single domed church of the intercession on the nerl was erected because of the danger of spring floods the church was built on an artificial terrace with an embankment faced with stone slabs a staircase and lion figures on the sides according to nikolai voronin s reconstruction the temple was surrounded by galleries with arcades the church of the intercession impresses with its exquisite proportions and the refined verticality of the composition 14 despite the fact that during the reign of vsevolod the big nest in particular during the reconstruction of the assumption cathedral into a five domed building masters from the germans no longer worked it is assumed that local masons participated the architecture of vladimir demonstrates a number of stable features which allows us to define it as an original historical regional school while preserving the plan of the inscribed cross type according to the byzantine tradition the cathedrals were supplemented with external galleries with an arcade column belt on sculptural consoles the belt divides the height of the wall in the golden proportion columns with capitals decorate the corners of the buildings and perspective portals similar to western european romanesque architecture they are echoed by archivolts of a semicircular cross section along the zakomaras of the upper part of the wall sections a curb runs above the arcade belt and the upper part of the wall above the curb is recessed by the so called ebb 15 the city of suzdal is located 26 kilometres 16 mi north of vladimir in 1149 1157 it was the capital of the rostov suzdal principality in suzdal a kievan artel of craftsmen commissioned by vladimir monomakh and the local bishop ephraim erected a four pillar single domed cathedral in the name of the dormition of the virgin mary the cathedral was built of plinth and mortar around 1148 a new white stone church was built in its place in 1222 1225 under yuri ii of vladimir son of vsevolod iii the big nest a third three domed stone cathedral in the name of the nativity of the virgin mary was erected on the remains of the previous one in 1528 1530 the collapsed upper part of the building was rebuilt from brick turning the cathedral into a five domed one with some changes the shapes of the domes were significantly altered this building has survived to the present day 16 the temple like the vladimir buildings has an arcade columnar belt but it does not protrude but is cut into the wall in the form of a series of niches which indicates the loss of tectonic qualities and the strengthening of the decorative principle this phenomenon is explained in particular by the fact that the cathedral was built not by western but by local masters 17 white stone carving edit see also white monuments of vladimir and suzdal st demetrius cathedral in vladimir 1194 1197 the southern facade panel with the figure of david the psalmist and earthly creatures in addition to architectural innovations the vladimir suzdal school is notable for its original white stone carving art new construction techniques prompted craftsmen to use new decorative techniques that were different from byzantine ones brick patterns and inclusion of majolica tiles and plates in brickwork the cathedral of saint demetrius in vladimir is especially famous for its carved decoration white stone carving covers the upper part of the wall sections the arcade belt the archivolts of the portals and the piers of the dome drum like a continuous carpet about a thousand stones are decorated with relief decor plant motifs woven ornaments figures of lions with blooming tails which were called cats for their peaceful appearance griffins birds and galloping horsemen some motifs are surprisingly close to the western european abstract animal ornament among the reliefs are images of king solomon on the lion throne possibly as the builder of the jerusalem temple princes boris and gleb vsevolod iii alexander the great s flight to heaven on the southern facade of the church of the intercession on the nerl there is an image of king david the psalmist the reliefs were carved on finished masonry although blanks made in advance at the construction site are not excluded since the images ignoring the seams freely flow from one stone to another the columns and archivolts of the portals arcade belt and capitals are covered with small flat relief carving with a deepening of the background in wood such carving is called obronnaya in 1152 northwest of vladimir yuri dolgoruky founded the city of yuryev polsky or polskoy from the prince s name with the addition of the definition in the field in 1230 1234 saint george cathedral was built in yuryev polsky it is a small four pillar temple with one dome the temple had three vestibules one of which the western one was two story the prince s choir was located in its upper part the pyramidal silhouette of the cathedral was emphasized by zakomaras at the base of the dome in the 15th century a significant part of the building collapsed in 1471 by the efforts of vasili yermolin by order of grand prince ivan iii the cathedral was restored but lost its original proportions and became much more squat at the same time the architect understanding the significance of the historical structure did not replace the collapsed parts of the building with brickwork but collected all the white stone blocks and the reliefs that decorated them however without having any sketches of the temple or its exact plan he placed most of the stones arbitrarily mixing up the subjects which resulted in the formation of a kind of rebus of white stone reliefs 18 cats reliefs in the interior of the cathedral of st demetrius the so called sviatoslav cross a multi part icon carved from stone depicting the crucifixion of jesus with those standing before him was especially revered by believers for centuries after the reconstruction of 1471 the relief was located in the central zakomara of the western or northern walls of the cathedral it is currently exhibited in st george s cathedral and is part of the collection of the yuryev polsky historical architectural and art museum tradition associates the erection of the cross with prince sviatoslav iii of vladimir according to a number of researchers the immediate reason for the creation of the cross was the circumstances of the prince s campaign against volga bulgaria in 1220 19 20 the reconstruction of the temple was developed by voronin the historian and theorist of architecture georgy vagner ru compared the composition of the cathedral with zion a grandiose reliquary reve...
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