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uct line edit windows nt is a group or family of products like windows is a group or family windows nt is a sub grouping of windows the first version of windows nt 3 1 was produced for workstation and server computers it was commercially focused and intended to complement consumer versions of windows that were based on ms dos including windows 1 0 through windows 3 1x in 1996 windows nt 4 0 was released including the new shell from windows 95 eventually microsoft incorporated the windows nt technology into the windows product line for personal computing and deprecated the windows 9x family starting with windows 2000 14 nt was removed from the product name yet is still in several low level places in the system including for a while as part of the product version 15 installing edit versions of windows nt are installed using windows setup which starting with windows vista uses the windows preinstallation environment which is a lightweight version of windows nt made for deployment of the operating system 16 since windows vista the windows installation files as well as the preinstallation environment used to install windows are stored in the windows imaging format it is possible to use the deployment image servicing and management dism tool to install windows from the command line and skip the gui installer citation needed naming edit it has been suggested that dave cutler intended the initialism wnt as a play on vms incrementing each letter by one 17 however the project was originally intended as a follow on to os 2 and was referred to as nt os 2 before receiving the windows brand 18 two of the original nt developers mark lucovsky and dave w plummer 19 state that the name was taken from the original target processor the intel i860 code named n10 n ten 20 a 1991 video featuring bill gates and microsoft products specifically says that windows nt stands for new technology 21 seven years later in 1998 during a question and answer q a session he declared that the letters no longer carried any specific meaning 22 the letters were dropped from the names of releases from windows 2000 and later though microsoft described that product as being built on nt technology 14 23 nt was a trademark of northern telecom later nortel which microsoft was forced to acknowledge on the product packaging 24 major features edit one of the main purposes of nt is hardware and software portability various versions of nt family operating systems have been released for a variety of processor architectures initially ia 32 mips and dec alpha with powerpc itanium x86 64 and arm supported in later releases an initial idea was to have a common code base with a custom hardware abstraction layer hal for each platform however support for mips alpha and powerpc was later dropped in windows 2000 broad software compatibility was initially achieved with support for several api personalities including windows api posix 25 and os 2 apis 26 the latter two were phased out starting with windows xp 27 partial ms dos and windows 16 bit compatibility is achieved on ia 32 via an integrated dos virtual machine although this feature is not available on other architectures 28 nt has supported per object file function and role access control lists allowing a rich set of security permissions to be applied to systems and services nt has also supported windows network protocols inheriting the previous os 2 lan manager networking as well as tcp ip networking for which microsoft used to implement a tcp ip stack derived at first from a streams based stack from spider systems then later rewritten in house 29 windows nt 3 1 was the first version of windows to use 32 bit flat virtual memory addressing on 32 bit processors its companion product windows 3 1 used segmented addressing and switches from 16 bit to 32 bit addressing in pages windows nt 3 1 featured a core kernel providing a system api running in supervisor mode ring 0 in x86 referred to in windows nt as kernel mode on all platforms and a set of user space environments with their own apis which included the new win32 environment an os 2 1 3 text mode environment and a posix environment the full preemptive multitasking kernel could interrupt running tasks to schedule other tasks without relying on user programs to voluntarily give up control of the cpu as in windows 3 1 applications although ms dos applications were preemptively multitasked in windows starting with windows 386 notably in windows nt 3 x several i o driver subsystems such as video and printing were user mode subsystems in windows nt 4 0 the video server and printer spooler subsystems were moved into kernel mode windows nt s first gui was strongly influenced by and programmatically compatible with that from windows 3 1 windows nt 4 0 s interface was redesigned to match that of the brand new windows 95 moving from the program manager to the windows shell design ntfs a journaled secure file system is a major feature of nt windows nt also allows for other installable file systems nt can also be installed on fat file systems and versions 3 1 3 5 and 3 51 could be installed on hpfs file systems 30 windows nt introduced its own driver model the windows nt driver model and is incompatible with older driver frameworks with windows 2000 the windows nt driver model was enhanced to become the windows driver model which was first introduced with windows 98 but was based on the nt driver model 31 windows vista added native support for the windows driver foundation which is also available for windows xp windows server 2003 and to an extent windows 2000 development edit windows nt wordmark for version 4 0 microsoft decided to create a portable operating system compatible with os 2 and posix and supporting multiprocessing in october 1988 32 when development started in november 1989 windows nt was to be known as os 2 3 0 33 the third version of the operating system developed jointly by microsoft and ibm to ensure portability initial development was targeted at the intel i860 xr risc processor switching to the mips r3000 in late 1989 and then the intel i386 in 1990 20 microsoft also continued parallel development of the dos based and less resource demanding windows environment resulting in the release of windows 3 0 in may 1990 windows 3 0 was eventually so successful that microsoft decided to change the primary application programming interface for the still unreleased nt os 2 as it was then known from an extended os 2 api to an extended windows api this decision caused tension between microsoft and ibm and the collaboration ultimately fell apart ibm continued os 2 development alone while microsoft continued work on the newly renamed windows nt though neither operating system would immediately be as popular as microsoft s ms dos or windows products windows nt would eventually be far more successful than os 2 microsoft hired a group of developers from digital equipment corporation led by dave cutler to build windows nt and many elements of the design reflect earlier dec experience with cutler s vms 34 vaxeln and rsx 11 but also an unreleased object based operating system developed by cutler at digital codenamed mica 35 the team was joined by selected members of the disbanded os 2 team including moshe dunie 17 windows 2000 architecture although nt was not an exact clone of cutler s previous operating systems dec engineers almost immediately noticed the internal similarities parts of vax vms internals and data structures published by digital press accurately describe windows nt internals using vms terms furthermore parts of the nt codebase s directory structure and filenames matched that of the mica codebase 17 instead of a lawsuit microsoft agreed to pay dec 65 100 million help market vms train digital personnel on windows nt and continue windows nt support for the dec alpha 34 windows nt and vms memory management processes and scheduling are very similar windows nt s process management differs by implementing threading which dec did not implement until vms 7 0 in 1995 like vms 34 windows nt s kernel mode code distinguishes between the kernel whose primary purpose is to implement processor and architecture dependent functions and the executive this was designed as a modified microkernel as the windows nt kernel was influenced by the mach microkernel developed by richard rashid at carnegie mellon university 36 but does not meet all of the criteria of a pure microkernel both the kernel and the executive are linked together into the single loaded module ntoskrnl exe from outside this module there is little distinction between the kernel and the executive routines from each are directly accessible as for example from kernel mode device drivers api sets in the windows nt family are implemented as subsystems atop the publicly undocumented native api this allowed the late adoption of the windows api into the win32 subsystem windows nt was one of the earliest operating systems to use ucs 2 and utf 16 internally citation needed architecture edit main article architecture of windows nt windows nt uses a layered design architecture that consists of two main components user mode and kernel mode programs and subsystems in user mode are limited in terms of what system resources they have access to while the kernel mode has unrestricted access to the system memory and external devices kernel mode in windows nt has full access to the hardware and system resources of the computer the windows nt kernel is a hybrid kernel the architecture comprises a simple kernel hardware abstraction layer hal drivers and a range of services collectively named executive which all exist in kernel mode 37 the booting process of windows nt begins with ntldr in versions before vista and the windows boot manager in vista and later 38 the boot loader is responsible for accessing the file system on the boot drive starting the kernel and loading boot time device drivers into memory once all the boot and system drivers have been loaded the kernel starts the session manager subsystem this process launches winlogon which allows the user to log in once the user is logged in file explorer is started loading the graphical user interface of windows nt programming language edit windows nt is written in c and c with a very small amount written in assembly language 39 c is mostly used for the kernel code while c is mostly used for user mode code assembly language is avoided where possible because it would impede portability 40 and its usage is limited to just the most performance critical portions e g trap handlers interrupt dispatch system call stubs context switching hal low level routines of the codebase 41 42 releases edit see also list of microsoft windows versions the following are the releases of windows based on the windows nt technology windows nt releases version marketing name editions release date build number 3 1 windows nt 3 1 workstation advanced server july 27 1993 528 3 5 windows nt 3 5 workstation server september 21 1994 807 3 51 windows nt 3 51 may 30 1995 1057 4 0 windows nt 4 0 workstation server enterprise server terminal server embedded august 24 1996 1381 5 0 43 windows 2000 professional server advanced server february 17 2000 2195 datacenter server september 26 2000 5 1 43 windows xp home professional 64 bit edition version 2002 ia 64 media center tablet pc starter embedded home n professional n october 25 2001 2600 windows fundamentals for legacy pcs n a july 8 2006 5 2 43 windows xp 64 bit edition version 2003 ia 64 44 march 28 2003 3790 windows server 2003 standard enterprise datacenter web storage small business server compute cluster april 24 2003 windows xp professional x64 edition x86 64 april 25 2005 windows server 2003 r2 standard enterprise datacenter web storage small business server compute cluster march 5 2006 windows home server n a november 4 2007 6 0 43 windows vista starter home basic home premium business enterprise ultimate business november 30 2006 consumer january 30 2007 6000 rtm 6001 sp1 6002 sp2 6003 sp2 update b windows server 2008 foundation standard enterprise datacenter web server hpc server itanium based systems 45 february 27 2008 6001 rtm 6002 sp2 6003 sp2 update 46 6 1 43 windows 7 starter home basic home premium professional enterprise ultimate 47 october 22 2009 48 7600 rtm 7601 sp1 windows server 2008 r2 foundation standard enterprise datacenter web server hpc server itanium based systems windows home server 2011 home server premium april 6 2011 7601 windows thin pc n a june 6 2011 6 2 43 windows 8 49 core pro enterprise rt 50 october 26 2012 51 9200 windows server 2012 52 foundation essentials standard datacenter 53 september 4 2012 6 3 43 windows 8 1 core pro enterprise rt embedded industry pro enterprise october 17 2013 9600 54 windows server 2012 r2 foundation essentials standard datacenter 10 0 43 55 windows 10 home single language home china home pro pro education pro for workstations 56 enterprise education s iot core mobile mobile enterprise 57 58 july 29 2015 10240 rtm 10586 1511 14393 1607 15063 1703 16299 1709 17134 1803 17763 1809 18362 1903 18363 1909 19041 2004 19042 20h2 19043 21h1 19044 21h2 19045 22h2 windows server 2016 essentials standard datacenter multipoint premium server storage server hyper v server september 26 2016 14393 windows server 2019 essentials standard datacenter multipoint premium server hyper v server october 2 2018 17763 windows server 2022 august 18 2021 59 20348 windows 11 home single language home china home pro education pro education pro for workstations enterprise iot enterprise se october 5 2021 60 22000 rtm 22621 22h2 22631 23h2 26100 24h2 26200 25h2 28000 26h1 26300 26h2 windows server 2025 essentials standard datacenter multipoint premium server hyper v server november 1 2024 26100 windows nt 3 1 to 3 51 incorporated the program manager and file manager from the windows 3 1 series windows nt 4 0 onwards replaced those programs with windows explorer including a taskbar and start menu which originally appeared in windows 95 the first release was given version number 3 1 to match the contemporary 16 bit windows magazines of that era claimed the number was also used to make that version seem more reliable than a 0 release also the novell ipx protocol was apparently licensed only to 3 1 versions of windows software citation needed the nt version number is not now generally used for marketing purposes but is still used internally and said to reflect the degree of changes to the core of the operating system 61 however for application compatibility reasons microsoft kept the major version number as 6 in releases following vista 62 but changed it later to 10 in windows 10 55 the build number is an internal identifier used by microsoft s developers and beta testers starting with windows 8 1 microsoft changed the version api helper functions behavior if an application is not manifested for windows 8 1 or later the api will always ret...
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