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an early stage of existence knowledge of the location is of prime importance or like groenewegen frankfort 1951 put it in connection with the visual art the problem of space is a problem of relation only with an active knowledge of the place and its possibilities are we able to survive fig 17 fig 17 the fourfold division in place as a natural scheme the classical tetragonus mundus is often attributed to the greek philosopher aristotle 384 322 bc he indeed summarized the scheme and moulded it in a well developed philosophical system but the roots are older four directions enclose a square world divided in three parts asia africa and europe south auster is placed at the top and east oriens to the left which is in defiance with the present map drawing the picture originates from a ninth century manuscript of beda s de natura rerum clm 210 fol 132v bayerische staatsbibliothek münchen essling 1909 brown 1978 to find a location is a matter of division of space and subsequent valuation of distances the first positioning is based on a division concept the early history of geographic orientation in the europe has many examples of a strong awareness of the importance of division in particular the three and fourfold variety konrad miller 1926 1986 referred in a contribution to the arabian cartography zur geschichte der arabischen kartographie to the possible origin of the three fold division of world space he placed the source of the first cartographic division in asia europe and africa at the joining point of these cultures in the aegean sea on the isles of rhodos and samos and at milete in asia minor this observation was supplemented by the remark that the asian cultural influence pointed to a four fold rather than to a three fold division the names of europe and africa do not occur in the bible and asia is only mentioned as a roman province furthermore the arabs in the middle ages did not use a three fold division of the world they imagined a cup like appearance symbolized by the old sumerian sign 4000 bc of two concentric circles the inner circle as the earth surrounded by sea and an outer circle the four corners of the earth were known as kanephot they were the seat of the four winds and divided the world in four parts the history of the mappa mundi world maps was divided in four subperiods by woodward in harley woodward 1987 part 3 medieval mappae mundi p 286 ff 1 the patristic period of the church fathers from the beginning of the fifth to the end of the seventh century 2 the period from bede 672 73 735 to lambert of sint omer ca 1100 3 the period from henry of mainz 1100 to richard of haldingham 1300 4 the last period starting around 1209 was dominated by franciscan monks roger bacon c 1214 1294 john duns scotus c 1265 1306 and william of occam c 1290 c 1349 were influential unfortunately woodward did not state the criterion on which this division was based it seems likely to be the ideological environment in historical time a classical patristic group a missionary group a cosmological group and finally a franciscan group all spaced over a period of nearly thousand years from 400 1400 within these groups the variety of forms is considerable some points of interest with particular attention to the number of divisions in each group will be highlighted here 1 the world views of crates of mallos macrobius orosius and isidore of seville are labeled together they are typified as the patristic group because they are also used by the church fathers crates c 150 b c embodied the older tradition of a four parted world in this view the globe had four occupied quarters bearing the names perioikoi oikomene antoikoi and antipodes fig 18 oikomene was the term originally used in the greco roman world to refer to the inhabited earth fig 18 the world view of crates of mallos c 150 bc a grammar scholar from pergamum he envisaged four inhabited quarters on the globe perioikoi oikomene antoikoi and antipodes macrobius c 395 436 used an elaborate method with a pythagorean undertone to arrive at a five fold division of a circle some hundred and fifty mappae mundi using macrobius scheme are known they became models for many medieval mappae mundi andrews 1925 the following quadruple procedure was used which became known some four hundred years later in the time of rabanus maurus died 826 ad as the ratiocinationis quadrivium fig 19 a division lines of 24 30 and 36 degrees are drawn in a quarter pie of a circle this procedure results in a division of 4 60 5 60 and 6 60th parts of a quarter circle b definition lines are drawn in a half circle through the intersection of the angle lines with the circle a b the result is a horizontal three partition of the quarter circle c demonstration the mirror image of the half circle three division results in a six division of a full circle d resolution the mirror plane is now left out and the full circle is divided in five parts build up of the following division of the circle 36 30 48 24 24 30 and 36 degrees fig 19 the four stages later known as the ratiocinationis quadrivium to arrive at a macrobian world map based on a five division of a circle the writings of paulus orosius c 383 post 417 had a great influence on later map makers but no specific maps of this christian historian are known the knowledge was derived from his book historiarum adversum paganos libri vii seven books of history against the pagans which was dedicated to st augustine 354 430 isidore of seville c 560 636 was the most influential member of the classical group he lived around the same period as gregorius c 540 604 his books de natura rerum 612 615 and the etymologiarum sive originum libri xx 622 633 became the sources of references of much later mediaeval knowledge he was influenced by ambrose augustine boëthius cassiodorus lucretius lucan macrobius orosius pliny the elder sallust servius and solinus some six hundred and sixty isidorean world maps in manuscripts remained destombes 1964 often the isidorean maps were without much criticism associated with the so called t o maps who got their name from a three fold division of a circle asia in the upper half europe left and africa right share the lower half fig 20 the biblical association with the sons of noach sem japheth and cham was generally known careful classification is essential here most of these maps were according to destombes 1964 and arentzen 1984 copied between the eleventh and fourteenth century thus in a different frame of mind with regards to the number of divisions used in a communication fig 20 three fold division in map making 1 a t o map of brunetto latini early fourteenth century bodleian library ms douce 319 2 from an eleventh century manuscript of a commentary on the apocalypse of sint john by beatus of liebana bibl nat paris ms lat 8878 fol 7 r 3 from a twelfth century manuscript of bede s de natura rerum bibl nat paris ms lat 11130 fol 82 r 4 world map of isidore of seville 1492 printed by gunther zainer augsburg von den brincken 1970 p 264 states firmly that eine vierteilung nach den vier weltreichen daniels ist übrigens kartographisch nicht belegt and also die t karte ist die weitaus verbreitetste form der mittelalterlichen karte in a general sense this statement is true like earlier figures in destombes catalogue 1964 of the mappae mundi between ad 1200 1500 confirm the t o map was sanctioned by the church and fitted in the three fold way of thinking which manifested itself in europe after the year 1200 scrutiny of the total number of maps might actually show that the majority of t o maps were drawn in or after the twelfth century 2 the second period in the drawing of mappae mundi is indicated from bede 672 73 735 to lambert of sint omer c 1100 they are loosely grouped as missionary the world map of bede is preserved in fifteen original manuscripts and hundred and seventy five secondary versions are known in this same period pope zacharias pope from 741 752 had a world map painted on the wall of the lateran palace now lost charlemagne described in the vita karoli magni possessed three silver tables with pictures of constantinople rome and the whole world another source of pictures came from the commentary on the apocalypse of saint john by beatus of liebana between 776 787 copied in many scriptoria in spain and southern france klein 1976 towards the end of this period the encyclopaedic liber floridus of lambert of saint omer provided many pictures of mediaeval conceptions derolez 1968 fig 21 22 fig 21 a miniature of emperor augustus with a mappa mundi in lambert of st omer s liber floribus c 1120 in arentzen 1984 the liber floridus was composed in the years before 1120 and offers a broad survey of all types of divisions fol 19 v en 20 v mentioned the six periods of the world fol 24 r the winds fol 24 v the five zones of the earth and fol 25 v gives the positions of the moon winds and elements eight division fol 88 r figures the elements and the year annus on the altare dei situated at the abissus fol 221 v depicted the zones of macrobius and the sphera platonis finally on fol 241 a europa mundi pars quarta is visualized fig 22 23 these examples show that no particular division thinking is dominant in the liber floridus fig 22 europa in four parts liber floribus gent universiteitsbibliotheek ms 92 f 241r the numerological character of the number 4 pars quarta is obvious in this incomplete map fig 23 the original liber floribus 1121 in the stadsmuseum gent stam exhibition the world in a book from september 30th 2011 january 8th 2012 photo marten kuilman 27 november 2011 3 the third period was fixed according to woodward in harley woodward 1987 between henry of mainz 1100 and richard of haldingham 1300 this cosmological group reflected a whole new approach to world and cosmos charles homer haskins 1924 1960 called this renewal the twelfth century renaissance the tetradic way of thinking reached a new level of consciousness but with ever stronger numerological undertones the crusades to the holy land resulted in a fresh geographic awareness and the translations of the arabs and greek documents opened up long forgotten worlds this knowledge resulted in ever more elaborate maps the famous ebstorf map 1235 fig 24 and the hereford map around 1290 showed in the climax of the allegorical cartography in the thirteenth century a wealth on details and did not belong to any distinct type of division fig 24 the central part of the ebstorf mappa mundi shows the square city of jerusalem the original map was destroyed in world war ii during the bombing of hanover a set of black and white photographs of the original map was taken in 1891 several color copies were made before its destruction in 1943 wikipedia 4 the last period has an overlap with the previous one and runs from 1209 to 1400 it is dominated by the work of franciscan monks influential names were roger bacon c 1214 1294 john duns scotus c 1265 1306 and william of occam c 1290 c 1349 the small but very important book de sphaera of john sacrobosco john of holywood is dated between 1220 30 and is therefore earlier than a book with the same title by robert grosseteste 1175 1253 the idea of a spherical world was well established it contradicts the opinion of nineteenth century authorities that the earth of the thirteenth century scholars was thought of as flat an exceptional relict of the fourfold conceptual approach to map making can be found in a schoolbook for young clergyman printed in 1475 in germany fig 25 fig 25 a late conceptual four fold world view from a woodcut in the rudimentum novitiorium published in 1475 by lucas brandiss in lübeck the top of the map is to the east oriens with the four rivers of paradise flowing from it at the center the holy land palestine and judea but no special reference is made to jerusalem the land ophir is in the south to the right auster and the pillars of hercules are visible to the bottom of the map west in strauss 1981 the rudimentum novitiorum lübeck 1475 in a colored version the book was re issued from new blocks from paris in 1488 and lyons in 1491 in shirley 2001 all these endeavors in map making reflected the basic need of humanity to locate themselves in a seemingly boundless space and draws attention to the problem of relation in the end it is the concept of division which shapes this relation and which makes it possible to bring structure in an otherwise incomprehensible environment the four directions north east south and west are now generally accepted as the basic division of place they are which is much less understood the living examples of the possibility to think in a structural spatial fourfold pattern andrews michael c 1925 the study and classification of medieval mappae mundi pp 61 76 in archeologia oxford lxxv 1925 26 arentzen jorg geerd 1984 imago mundi cartographica studien zur bildlichkeit mittelalterlicher welt und oekumene karten unter besonderer berucksichtigung des zusammenwirkens von text und bild wilhelm fink verlag munchen isbn 3 7705 2258 3 brincken von den anna dorothee 1970 ut describeretur univer sus orbis zur universal kartographie des mittelalters pp 249 278 in zimmermann albert hoffmann rudolf ed miscellanea mediaevalia band 7 methoden in wissenschaft und kunst des mittelalters walter de gruyter co berlin brown hanbury 1978 man and the stars oxford university press oxford isbn 0 19 851001 2 ann ronan library destombes marcel ed 1964 mappemondes ad 1200 1500 catalogue préparé par la commission des cartes anciennes de l union geographique internationale n israel amsterdam essling prince d 1909 les livres a figures venitiens de la fin du xve siecle et du commencement du xvie librairie leo s olschki florence librairie henri leclerc paris groenewegen frankfort h a 1951 arrest and movement an essay on space and time in the representational art of the ancient near east faber and faber limited london harley j b woodward david 1987 the history of cartography vol i cartography in prehistoric ancient and medieval europe and the mediterramean the university of chicago press chicago london haskins charles h 1924 1960 studies in the history of mediaeval science frederick ungar publishing co new york 1927 the renaissance of the twelfth century harvard university press cambridge mass miller konrad 1926 1986 mappae arabicae beihefte zum tübinger atlas des vorderen orients reihe b geisteswissenschaften nr 65 gaube heinz ed dr ludwig reichert verlag wiesbaden isbn 3 88226 293 1 shirley rodney w 2001 mapping of the world early printed world maps 1472 1700 early world press ltd riverside usa isbn 0 970351801 strauss l ed 1981 the illustrated bartsch 80 part i anonymous artists 1457 1475 abaris books new york isbn 0 91 3870 50 1 geplaatst in geen categorie tags de natura rerum geographic orientation plaats een reactie 8 orientation geplaatst op 1 juli 2013 door quadralectics the directions of the wind the orientation by the four winds is very old but its ori...
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