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ong uneducated youth into a creole language with a distinct grammar 22 new words often appear in nouchi and then make their way into colloquial abidjan french after some time 23 as of 2012 a crowdsourced dictionary of nouchi was being written using mobile phones 24 here are some examples of words used in the african french variety spoken in abidjan the spelling used here conforms to french orthography except ô which is pronounced ɔ 25 une go is a slang word meaning a girl or a girlfriend it is a loanword either from the mandinka language or from english girl it is also french hip hop slang for a girl 26 un maquis is a colloquial word meaning a street side eatery a working class restaurant serving african food likely from french marquise un bra môgô is a slang word equivalent to bloke or dude in english it is a loanword from the mandinka language chicotter is a word meaning to whip to beat or to chastise children it is a loanword from portuguese chicotear also meaning to whip it has now entered the formal language of the educated classes le pia is a slang word meaning money it comes perhaps from the standard french word pièce coin or pierre stone or perhaps piastre dollar buck when speaking in a formal context or when meeting french speakers from outside côte d ivoire abidjan speakers would replace these local words with the french standard words une fille un restaurant or une cantine un copain battre and l argent respectively note that some local words are used across several african countries for example chicotter is attested not only in côte d ivoire but also in senegal mali niger burkina faso chad the central african republic benin togo and the democratic republic of the congo 23 as already mentioned these local words range from slang to formal usage and their use therefore varies depending on the context in abidjan this is how the sentence the girl stole my money is constructed depending on the register 23 formal abidjan french of the educated people la fille m a subtilisé mon argent colloquial abidjan french français de moussa fille là a prend mon l argent in standard french the grammatically correct sentence should be cette fille là m a pris de l argent abidjan french slang nouchi la go a momo mon pia momo is an abidjan slang word meaning to steal another unique identifiable feature of ivorian french is the use of the phrase n avoir qu à infinitif which translated into english roughly means to have only to infinitive 27 the phrase is often used in linguistic contexts of expressing a wish or creating hypotheticals this original ivorian phrase is generally used across the côte d ivoire s population children uneducated adults and educated adults all using the phrase relatively equally often in written speech the phrase is written as ils non cas essayer de voir rather than ils n ont qu à essayer de voir 27 characteristics edit many characteristics of ivorian abidjan french differ from standard french found in france many of the linguistic evolutions are from the influences of native african languages spoken within the côte d ivoire and make abidjan french a distinct dialect of french some of the major phonetic and phonological variations of abidjan french as compared to a more typical french include substituting the nasal low vowel ɑ̃ for a non nasal a especially when the sound occurs at the beginning of a word and some difficulty with the full production of the phonemes ʒ and ʃ 28 there are also to a certain degree rhythmic speaking patterns in ivorian french that are influenced by native languages 28 ivorian french is also unique in its grammatical differences present in spoken speech such as these 28 omission of articles in some contexts tu veux poisson instead of the french tu veux du poisson omission of prepositions in some contexts il parti yamoussoukro rather than il est parti à yamoussoukro interchangeable usage of indirect and direct objects using lui instead of le and vice versa more flexible grammatical formation angolan french edit french is used as a language of communication especially among the literate population in cabinda and it s also a language spoken in angola as a significant french angolan population which includes angolans with french ancestry and french people who live or have lived in angola many people including a large percentage of the literate population speak french fluently from the neighboring democratic republic of the congo as a legacy of belgian colonial rule from brussels that declared its independence from belgium on 30 june 1960 angola has had a historical and cultural connection with france particularly through its colonial past and subsequent economic and political relationships with other countries including francophone africa which had been colonized as former french colonies from paris algerian french edit without being an official language french is frequently used in government workplaces and education french is the default language for work in several sectors in a 2007 study set in the city of mostaganem it was shown that french and arabic were the two functional languages of banking technical work accounting financial analysis management is also frequently done in french documents forms and posters are often in both french and arabic the usage of french among the algerian population is different depending on social situations one can find direct borrowings where the lexical unit is unchanged surtout particularly voiture car integrated borrowings where the lexical unit experiences phonetic transformation gendarme police force cinéma cinema code switching where another language is spoken in addition to french in a single oration ex berber french arabic french beninese french edit french is the sole official language in benin in 2014 over 4 million beninese citizens spoke french around 40 of the population fongbe is the other widely spoken language of benin it is natural to hear both languages blending either through loan words or code switching few academic sources exist surrounding the particularisms of beninese french nevertheless it is evident that beninese french has adapted the meanings of several french terms over time such as seconder to have relations with a second woman from the french second second doigter to show the way from the french doigt finger burkinabe french edit french is the language of administration education and business in burkina faso and was the de jure official language until a constitutional change in 2024 while spoken fluently only by about a quarter of the population french has progressively become a native language among urban populations since the late 20th century notably in the cities of ouagadougou bobo dioulasso and banfora by 2010 about 10 of ouagadougou residents spoke french as their first language 29 linguists have observed the development of a local vernacular of french in the country called français populaire burkinabè which is influenced by local languages such as mooré and is used as a lingua franca in commerce 30 it is largely used as a spoken language whereas speakers continue to use standard french as the written language 31 cameroonian french edit this section is an excerpt from cameroonian french edit cameroonian french is a variety of french spoken in cameroon as a former french colony the country s history has shaped its language resulting in a distinct variant of french that reflects the country s diverse cultural linguistic and historical background kinshasa french edit boulevard du 30 juin in the commercial heart of kinshasa with more than 11 million inhabitants kinshasa is the largest francophone city in the world surpassing paris in population it is the capital of the most populous francophone country in the world the democratic republic of the congo where an estimated 43 million people 51 of the total population can speak french essentially as a second language 14 32 contrary to abidjan where french is the first language of a large part of the population in kinshasa french is only a second language and its status of lingua franca is shared with lingala kinshasa french also differs from other african french variants for it has some belgian french influences due to colonization people of different african mother tongues living in kinshasa usually speak lingala to communicate with each other in the street but french is the language of businesses administrations schools newspapers and televisions french is also the predominant written language due to its widespread presence in kinshasa french has become a local language with its own pronunciation and some local words borrowed for the most part from lingala depending on their social status some people may mix french and lingala or code switch between the two depending on the context here are examples of words particular to kinshasa french as in abidjan there exist various registers and the most educated people may frown upon the use of slangish lingala terms cadavéré means broken worn out exhausted or dead it is a neologism on the standard french word cadavre whose meaning in standard french is corpse the word cadavéré has now spread to other african countries due to the popularity of congolese music in africa makasi means strong resistant it is a loanword from lingala anti nuit are sunglasses worn by partiers at night it is a word coined locally and whose literal meaning in standard french is anti night it is one of the many kinshasa slang words related to nightlife and partying a reveler is known locally as un ambianceur from standard french ambiance which means atmosphere casser le bic literally to break the bic means to stop going to school bic is colloquially used to refer to a ballpoint pen in belgian french and kinshasa french but not in standard french merci mingi means thank you very much it comes from standard french merci thank you and lingala mingi a lot un zibolateur is a bottle opener it comes from the lingala verb kozibola which means to open something that is blocked up or bottled to which was added the standard french suffix ateur un tétanos is a rickety old taxi in standard french tétanos means tetanus moyen tê vraiment means absolutely impossible it comes from moyen tê there s no way itself made up of standard french moyen way and lingala tê not no to which was added standard french vraiment really avoir un bureau means to have a mistress il a deux bureaux doesn t mean he has two offices but he has two mistresses article 15 means fend for yourself or find what you need by yourself ça ne dérange pas means thank you or you are welcome when it means thank you it can offend some french speakers who are not aware of its special meaning in kinshasa for example if one offers a present to a person they will often reply ça ne dérange pas in standard french it means i don t mind quatre vingt et un is the way kinois say 81 quatre vingt un in europe compliquer quelqu un literally to make things complicated or difficult for someone it can be anyone elle me complique she is giving me a tough time une tracasserie is something someone does to make another person s life harder and often refers to policemen or soldiers a fine is often called a tracasserie especially because the policemen in kinshasa usually ask for an unpayable sum of money that requires extensive bargaining characteristics edit there are many linguistic differences that occur in kinshasa french that make it a distinct dialect of french similarly to many other african dialects of french many of the linguistic aspects are influenced either directly or indirectly by the linguistics of the local african languages it is also essential to note that grammatical differences between local congolese languages and the french language such as the lack of gendered nouns in the former result in linguistic changes when speakers of the former speak french 33 here are some of the phonetic characteristics of kinshasa french 34 the posteriorization of anterior labial vowels in french more specifically the posteriorization of the common french phoneme ɥ for u ex pronunciation of the french word cuisine kɥizin as couwisine kuwizin the delabialization of the phoneme y for the phoneme i ex pronunciation of the french term bureau byʁo as biro biʁo the vocalic opening of the french phoneme œ creating instead the phoneme ɛ ex pronunciation of the french word acteur aktœʁ as actère aktɛʁ in some cases the denasalization of french vowels ex pronunciation of the french term bande bɑ̃d as ba nde band the mid nasalization of occlusive consonants that follow the nasals n and m ex in relationship to the example above the french word bande bɑ̃d could be pronounced both as ba nde band or as ban nde with a slightly nasalized d the palatalization of french apico dental consonants that are followed by i and or ɥ ex pronunciation of the french word dix dis is pronounced as dzix dzis and similarly the term parti may be pronounced as partsi as briefly mentioned above many congolese languages are ungendered languages and so there is often some mixing of the french masculine and feminine articles in speakers of kinshasa french such as the phrase je veux du banane rather than the correct french je veux de la banane 33 see also edit africa portal anti french sentiment africa alliance of sahel states france africa relations french colonial empire belgian colonial empire geographical distribution of french speakers camfranglais list of colonies and possessions of france belgian congo maghreb french françafrique francophonie french based creole languages french language in minnesota french language in vietnam french language in cambodia french language in laos french polynesia languages of africa notes edit 29 full members of the organisation internationale de la francophonie oif benin burkina faso burundi cameroon cape verde central african republic chad comoros dr congo republic of the congo côte d ivoire djibouti egypt equatorial guinea gabon guinea guinea bissau madagascar mali mauritania mauritius morocco niger rwanda são tomé and príncipe senegal seychelles togo and tunisia one associate member of the oif ghana one observer of the oif mozambique one country not member or observer of the oif algeria two french territories in africa réunion and mayotte countries in italics indicate non francophone countries references edit 1 2 french ethnologue com retrieved 2021 01 15 1 2 327 millions de francophones dans le monde en 2023 pdf archived pdf from the original on 2023 04 15 retrieved 2023 04 15 1 2 en 2023 327 millions de personnes parlent français dans le monde dont près de la moitié en afrique archived from the original on 2023 06 06 retrieved 2023 04 15 1 2 accueil francoscope archived from the original on 2023 03 23 retrieved 2023 04 15 population reference bureau 2023 world population data sheet pdf archived pdf from the original on 2024 02 20 retrieved 2024 02 05 default population division data portal in french le français à abidjan...
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