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tive people she and her family traveled mostly in the co captains company ate near or with them and shared the same tent lewis recorded the birth of jean baptiste charbonneau on february 11 1805 noting that another of the party s interpreters administered crushed rattlesnake rattles in water to speed the delivery which helped with the painful delivery clark and other members of the corps nicknamed the boy pomp or pompy in april 1805 the expedition left fort mandan and headed up the missouri river in pirogues and sacagawea carried young jean baptiste on her back in an indian cradleboard 11 while heading up the missouri river they had to be poled against the current and sometimes pulled by crew along the riverbanks on may 14 1805 sacagawea rescued items that had fallen out of a capsized boat including the journals and records of lewis and clark the corps commanders who praised her quick action named the sacagawea river in her honor on may 20 1805 by august 1805 the corps had located a shoshone tribe and was attempting to trade for horses to cross the rocky mountains they used sacagawea to interpret and discovered that the tribe s leader cameahwait was her brother though in the shoshoni language cousin and brother are the same word 12 lewis and clark expedition 1918 by charles marion russell lewis and clark reach the shoshone camp led by sacagawea lewis recorded their reunion in his journal 13 shortly after capt clark arrived with the interpreter charbono and the indian woman who proved to be a sister of the chief cameahwait the meeting of those people was really affecting particularly between sah cah gar we ah and an indian woman who had been taken prisoner at the same time with her and who had afterwards escaped from the minnetares and rejoined her nation and clark in his 14 the intertrepeter sic squar who were before me at some distance danced for the joyful sight and she made signs to me that they were her nation the shoshone agreed to barter horses and to provide guides to lead the expedition over the rocky mountains the mountain crossing took longer than expected and the expedition s food supplies dwindled when they descended into more temperate regions sacagawea helped to find and cook camas roots to help the party members regain their strength as the expedition approached the mouth of the columbia river on the pacific coast sacagawea gave up her beaded belt to enable the captains to trade for a fur robe they wished to bring back to give to president thomas jefferson clark s journal entry for november 20 1805 reads 15 one of the indians had on a roab made of 2 sea otter skins the fur of them were more butifull than any fur i had ever seen both capt lewis my self endeavored to purchase the roab with different articles at length we precured it for a belt of blue beeds which the squar wife of our interpreter shabono wore around her waste sic lewis and clark on the lower columbia by charles marion russell a painting of the expedition depicting sacagawea with arms outstretched when the corps reached the pacific ocean all members of the expedition including sacagawea and clark s enslaved servant york voted on november 24 on the location for building their winter fort in january when a whale s carcass washed up onto the beach south of fort clatsop sacagawea insisted on her right to go see this monstrous fish on the return trip they approached the rocky mountains in july 1806 on july 6 clark recorded the indian woman informed me that she had been in this plain frequently and knew it well she said we would discover a gap in the mountains in our direction i e present day gibbons pass a week later on july 13 1806 sacagawea advised clark to cross into the yellowstone river basin at what is now known as bozeman pass later this was chosen as the optimal route for the northern pacific railway to cross the continental divide the indian woman who has been of great service to me as a pilot through this country recommends a gap in the mountain s more south which i shall cross 16 while sacagawea has been depicted as a guide for the expedition 17 page needed she is recorded as providing direction in only a few instances primarily in present day montana her work as a guide revolved around her geographical insight and as an interpreter her work as an interpreter helped the party to negotiate with the shoshone but she also had significant value to the mission simply by her presence on the journey as having a woman and infant accompany them demonstrated the peaceful intent of the expedition while traveling through what is now franklin county washington in october 1805 clark noted that the wife of shabono charbonneau our interpreter we find reconciles all the indians as to our friendly intentions a woman with a party of men is a token of peace 18 further he wrote that she confirmed those people of our friendly intentions as no woman ever accompanies a war party of indians in this quarter sic 19 as clark traveled downriver from fort mandan at the end of the journey on board the pirogue near the ricara village he wrote to charbonneau 20 you have been a long time with me and conducted your self in such a manner as to gain my friendship your woman who accompanied you that long dangerous and fatigueing rout to the pacific ocian and back diserved a greater reward for her attention and services on that rout than we had in our power to give her at the mandans as to your little son my boy pomp you well know my fondness of him and my anxiety to take him and raise him as my own child if you are desposed to accept either of my offers to you and will bring down you son your famn femme woman janey had best come along with you to take care of the boy untill i get him wishing you and your family great success with anxious expectations of seeing my little danceing boy baptiest i shall remain your friend william clark sic clark to charbonneau august 20 1806 sacagawea was mentioned 108 times in the combined lewis and clark journals often in passing as the wife of our interpreter our squaw or the snake woman later life and death children following the expedition charbonneau and sacagawea spent three years among the hidatsa before accepting william clark s invitation to settle in st louis missouri in 1809 they entrusted jean baptiste s education to clark who enrolled the young man in the saint louis academy boarding school 21 page needed 22 sacagawea gave birth to a daughter lizette charbonneau about 1812 22 lizette was identified as a year old girl in adoption papers in 1813 recognizing william clark who also adopted her older brother that year 23 because clark s papers make no later mention of lizette it is believed that she died in childhood death according to bonnie spirit wind walker butterfield historical documents suggest that sacagawea died in 1812 of an unknown sickness 22 for instance a journal entry from 1811 by henry brackenridge a fur trader at fort lisa trading post on the missouri river wrote that sacagawea and charbonneau were living at the fort 22 brackenridge recorded that sacagawea had become sickly and longed to revisit her native country 24 john luttig a fort lisa clerk recorded in his journal on december 20 1812 that the wife of charbonneau a snake squaw i e shoshone died of putrid fever 24 he said that she was aged about 25 years she left a fine infant girl 22 documents held by clark show that charbonneau had already entrusted their son baptiste to clark s care for a boarding school education at clark s insistence 21 page needed 22 sakakawea obelisk at the believed site of her death mobridge south dakota 2003 in february 1813 a few months after luttig s journal entry 15 men were killed in a native attack on fort lisa which was then located at the mouth of the bighorn river 24 john luttig as well as sacagawea s infant daughter were among the survivors charbonneau was mistakenly thought to have been killed at this time but he apparently lived to at least age 76 25 he had signed over formal custody of his son to william clark in 1813 26 as further proof that sacagawea died in 1812 butterfield writes 22 an adoption document made in the orphans court records in st louis missouri states 23 on august 11 1813 william clark became the guardian of tousant charbonneau a boy about ten years and lizette charbonneau a girl about one year old for a missouri state court at the time to designate a child as orphaned and to allow an adoption both parents had to be confirmed dead in court papers the last recorded document referring to sacagawea s life appears in william clark s original notes written between 1825 and 1826 22 he lists the names of each of the expedition members and their last known whereabouts for sacagawea he writes se car ja we au dead 21 documentary evidence and scholarly debate while the 1812 death date has been widely accepted by historians recent scholarship has identified significant problems with the documentary evidence the sacagawea project board s 2021 book our story of eagle woman presents several challenges to the traditional narrative 27 translation problems toussaint charbonneau the primary source for information about sacagawea had poor command of both hidatsa and english communication required a complex chain of translation that according to a contemporary trader went from the natives to the woman from the woman to the husband from the husband to the mulatto rené jusseaume and finally to the captains 28 clark s cash book reliability the document that supposedly settled the question of sacagawea s death contains a significant error clark listed patrick gass as dead in the same document but gass outlived clark by more than 30 years living until 1870 29 identification issues neither henry brackenridge 1811 nor john luttig 1812 identified the woman who died at fort manuel lisa by name referring to her only as charbonneau s wife or a snake squaw 29 historian thomas powers reviewing the evidence presented in our story of eagle woman wrote that one way or another every future history of sacagawea will have to take it into account 30 jean baptiste charbonneau sacagawea s son jean baptiste charbonneau had an adventurous life known as the infant who with his mother accompanied the explorers to the pacific ocean and back he had lifelong celebrity status at the age of 18 he was befriended by a german prince duke paul wilhelm of württemberg who took him to europe there jean baptiste lived for six years among royalty while learning four languages and allegedly fathering a child in germany named anton fries 31 after his infant son died jean baptiste returned from europe in 1829 to the united states he lived after that as a western frontiersman in 1846 he was a guide for the mormon battalion during construction of the first wagon road to south california while in california he was appointed as a magistrate for the mission san luis rey he disliked the way indians were treated in the missions and left to become a hotel clerk in auburn california once the center of gold rush activity 22 after working six years in auburn jean baptiste left in search of riches in the gold mines of montana he was 61 years old and the trip was too much for him he became ill with pneumonia and died in a remote area near danner oregon on may 16 1866 22 32 burial place the question of sacagawea s burial place caught the attention of national suffragists seeking voting rights for women according to author raymond wilson 33 wilson argues that sacagawea became a role model whom suffragists pointed to with pride she received even more attention in the 1930s after publication of a history novel about her 33 wilson notes 33 interest in sacajawea peaked and controversy intensified when dr grace raymond hebard professor of political economy at the university of wyoming in laramie and an active supporter of the nineteenth amendment campaigned for federal legislation to erect an edifice honoring sacajawea s alleged death in 1884 alternative oral traditions and contested legacy marker of sacajawea s assumed grave fort washakie wyoming an account of the expedition published in may 1919 noted that a sculptor mr bruno zimm seeking a model for a statue of sacagawea that was later erected at the louisiana purchase exposition in st louis discovered a record of the pilot woman s death in 1884 when ninety five years old on the shoshone reservation wyoming and her wind swept grave 34 hidatsa oral tradition the hidatsa people maintain a detailed oral tradition that sacagawea was a member of their tribe who lived until 1869 this narrative was formally documented on memorial day 1923 when bulls eye who claimed to be sacagawea s grandson gave testimony to major a b welch at dead grass hall in shell creek village on the fort berthold reservation a group of tribal elders attended as witnesses to verify his account 28 35 according to bulls eye s testimony sacagawea was not shoshone but hidatsa the daughter of smoked lodge and otter woman a crow woman after the lewis and clark expedition she had three daughters cedar woman different breast and otter woman bulls eye s mother she lived among the hidatsa until 1869 when she died at age 82 from gunshot wounds sustained during a sioux raid bulls eye then about 4 years old was present when she died bulls eye stated we have heard about some white men who wrote about my grandmother these white men came along here about a hundred years ago they made a mistake we have heard that they wrote it that she was not a hidatsa that she was a shoshoni prisoner among us but she was not a shoshoni she was hidatsa 29 dna testing conducted in the 21st century showed that individuals claiming descent from sacagawea through cedar woman matched 74 different charbonneaus in commercial dna registries charbonneau dna was found only in family branches that oral tradition indicated descended from sacagawea and toussaint charbonneau 29 additional documentary evidence supporting the hidatsa account includes a u s government individual history card from fort berthold listing eagle woman as bulls eye s grandmother jean baptiste charbonneau s 1866 obituary describing his mother as a half breed of the crow tribe an unpublished diary calling jean baptiste half crow indian with no mention of shoshone ancestry 36 shoshone tradition in 1925 dr charles eastman a dakota sioux physician was hired by the bureau of indian affairs to locate sacagawea s remains 37 eastman visited various native american tribes to interview elders who might have known or heard of sacagawea he learned of a shoshone woman at the wind river reservation with the comanche name porivo chief woman some of those he interviewed said that she spoke of a long journey wherein she had helped white men and that she had a silver jefferson peace medal of the type carried by the lewis and clark expedition he found a comanche woman named tacutine who said that porivo was her grandmother according to tacutine porivo had ...
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