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Text of the page (random words):
e those made by it in this way each transaction operates as though it was the only active transaction running on the system except in the case of write conflicts since a transaction may make changes based on data read that has already been updated in another transaction multi versioning by itself does not guarantee serializable transactions however serializability can be achieved when desired by simply using explicit record read locks to lock read data that updates are based upon both read and write locks may be explicitly requested with the getlock operation in addition an advanced concurrency control feature known as escrow locking is supported by ese escrow locking is an extremely concurrent update where a numeric value is changed in a relative fashion i e by adding or subtracting another numeric value escrow updates are non conflicting even with other concurrent escrow updates to the same datum this is possible because the operations supported are commutable and can be independently committed or rolled back as a result they do not interfere with concurrent update transactions this feature is often used for maintained aggregations ese also extends transaction semantics from data manipulation operations to data definition operations it is possible to add an index to a table and have concurrently running transactions update the same table without any transaction lock contention whatsoever later when these transactions are complete the newly created index is available to all transactions and has entries for record updates made by other transactions that could not perceive the presence of the index when the updates took place data definition operations may be performed with all the features expected of the transaction mechanism for record updates data definition operations supported in this fashion include addcolumn deletecolumn createindex deleteindex createtable and deletetable cursor navigation and the copy buffer edit a cursor is a logical pointer within a table index the cursor may be positioned on a record before the first record after the last record or even between records if a cursor is positioned before or after a record there is no current record it is possible to have multiple cursors into the same table index many record and column operations are based on the cursor position cursor position can be moved sequentially by move operations or directly using index keys with seek operations cursors can also be moved to a fractional position within an index in this way the cursor can be quickly moved to a thumb bar position this operation is performed with the same speed as a seek operation no intervening data must be accessed each cursor has a copy buffer in order to create a new record or modify an existing record column by column this is an internal buffer whose contents can be changed with setcolumns operations modifications of the copy buffer do not automatically change the stored data the contents of the current record can be copied into the copy buffer using the prepareupdate operation and update operations store the contents of the copy buffer as a record the copy buffer is implicitly cleared on a transaction commit or rollback as well as on navigation operations retrievecolumns may be used to retrieve column data either from the record or from the copy buffer if one exists query processing edit ese applications invariably query their data this section of the document describes features and techniques for applications to write query procession logic on ese sorts and temporary tables edit ese provides a sort capability in the form of temporary tables the application inserts data records into the sort process one record at a time and then retrieves them one record at a time in sorted order sorting is actually performed between the last record insertion and the first record retrieval temporary tables can be used for partial and complete result sets as well these tables can offer the same features as base tables including the ability to navigate sequentially or directly to rows using index keys matching the sort definition temporary tables can also be updatable for computation of complex aggregates simple aggregates can be computed automatically with a feature similar to sorting where the desired aggregate is a natural result of the sort process covering indexes edit retrieving column data directly from secondary indexes is an important performance optimization columns may be retrieved directly from secondary indexes without accessing the data records via the retrievefromindex flag on the retrievecolumns operation it is much more efficient to retrieve columns from a secondary index than from the record when navigating by the index if the column data were retrieved from the record then an additional navigation is necessary to locate the record by the primary key this may result in additional disk accesses when an index provides all columns needed then it is called a covering index note that columns defined in the table primary index are also found in secondary indexes and can be similarly retrieved using jet_bitretrievefromprimarybookmark index keys are stored in normalized form which can be in many cases denormalized to the original column value normalization is not always reversible for example text and long text column types cannot be denormalized in addition index keys may be truncated when column data is very long in cases where columns cannot be retrieved directly from secondary indexes the record can always be accessed to retrieve the necessary data index intersection edit queries often involve a combination of restrictions on data an efficient means of processing a restriction is to use an available index however if a query involves multiple restrictions then applications often process the restrictions by walking the full index range of the most restrictive predicate satisfied by a single index any remaining predicate called the residual predicate is processed by applying the predicate to the record itself this is a simple method but has the disadvantage of potentially having to perform many disk accesses to bring records into memory to apply the residual predicate index intersection is an important query mechanism in which multiple indexes are used together to more efficiently process a complex restriction instead using only a single index index ranges on multiple indexes are combined to result in a much smaller number of records on which any residual predicate can be applied ese makes this easy by supplying an intersectindexes operation this operation accepts a series of index ranges on indexes from the same table and returns a temporary table of primary keys that can be used to navigate to the base table records that satisfy all index predicates pre joined tables edit a join is a common operation on a normalized table design where logically related data is brought back together for use in an application joins can be expensive operations because many data accesses may be needed to bring related data into memory this effort can be optimized in some cases by defining a single base table that contains data for two or more logical tables the column set of the base table is the union of the column sets of these logical tables tagged columns make this possible because of their good handling of both multi valued and sparse valued data since related data is stored together in the same record it is accessed together thereby minimizing the number of disk accesses to perform the join this process can be extended to a large number of logical tables as ese can support up to 64 993 tagged columns since indexes can be defined over multi valued columns it is still possible to index interior tables however some limitations exist and applications should consider pre joining carefully before employing this technique logging and crash recovery edit the logging and recovery feature of ese supports guaranteed data integrity and consistency in the event of a system crash logging is the process of redundantly recording database update operations in a log file the log file structure is very robust against system crashes recovery is the process of using this log to restore databases to a consistent state after a system crash transaction operations are logged and the log is flushed to disk during each commit to transaction level 0 this allows the recovery process to redo updates made by transactions which commit to transaction level 0 and undo changes made by transactions which did not commit to transaction level 0 this type of recovery scheme is often referred to as a roll forward roll backward recovery scheme logs can be retained until the data is safely copied via a backup process described below or logs can be reused in a circular fashion as soon as they are no longer needed for recovery from system crash circular logging minimizes the amount of disk space needed for the log but has implications on the ability to recreate a data state in the event of a media failure backup and restore edit logging and recovery also play a role in protecting data from media failure ese supports on line backup where one or more databases are copied along with log files in a manner that does not affect database operations databases can continue to be queried and updated while the backup is being made the backup is referred to as a fuzzy backup because the recovery process must be run as part of backup restoration to restore a consistent set of databases both streaming and shadow copy backup are supported streaming backup is a backup method where copies of all desired database files and the necessary log files are made during the backup process file copies may be saved directly to tape or can be made to any other storage device no quiescing of activity of any kind is required with streamed backups both the database and log files are check summed to ensure that no data corruptions exist within the data set during the backup process streaming backups may also be incremental backups incremental backups are ones in which only the log files are copied and which can be restored along with a previous full backup to bring all databases to a recent state shadow copy backups are a new high speed backup method shadow copy backups are dramatically faster because the copy is virtually made after a brief period of quiescing an application as subsequent updates are made to the data the virtual copy is materialized in some cases hardware support for shadow copy backups means that actually saving the virtual copies is unnecessary shadow copy backups are always full backups restore can be used to apply a single backup or it can be used to apply a combination of a single full backup with one or more incremental backups further any existing log files can be replayed as well to recreate an entire data set all the way up to the last transaction logged as committed to transaction level 0 restoration of a backup can be made to any system capable of supporting the original application it need not be the same machine or even the same machine configuration location of files can be changed as part of the restoration process backup and restore to different hardware edit when an esent database is created the physical disk sector size is stored with the database the physical sector size is expected to remain consistent between sessions otherwise an error is reported when a physical drive is cloned or restored from a drive image to a drive that uses a different physical sector size advanced format drives esent will report errors 4 this is a known issue and microsoft has hot fixes available for windows vista or windows server 2008 see kb2470478 5 for windows 7 or windows server 2008 r2 see kb982018 6 history edit jet blue was originally developed by microsoft as a prospective upgrade for the jet red database engine in microsoft access but was never used in this role instead it went on to be used by exchange server active directory file replication service frs security configuration editor certificate services windows internet name service wins and a host of other microsoft services applications and windows components 7 for years it was a private api used by microsoft only but has since become a published api that anyone can use work began on data access engine dae in march 1989 when allen reiter joined microsoft over the next year a team of four developers worked for allen to largely complete the isam microsoft already had the bc7 isam jet red but began the data access engine dae effort to build a more robust database engine as an entry in the then new client server architecture realm in the spring of 1990 bc7 isam and dae teams were joined to become the joint engine technology jet effort responsible for producing two engines a v1 jet red and a v2 jet blue that would conform to the same api specification jet api dae became jet blue for the color of the flag of israel bc7 isam became jet red for the color of the flag of russia while jet blue and jet red were written to the same api specification they shared no isam code whatsoever they did both support a common query processor qjet which later together with the bc7 isam became synonymous with jet red jet blue first shipped in 1994 as an isam for wins dhcp and the now defunct rpl services in windows nt 3 5 it shipped again as the storage engine for microsoft exchange in 1996 additional windows services chose jet blue as their storage technology and by 2000 every version of windows began to ship with jet blue jet blue was used by active directory and became part of a special set of windows code called the trusted computing base tcb the number of microsoft applications using jet blue continues to grow and the jet blue api was published in 2005 to facilitate usage by an ever increasing number of applications and services both within and beyond windows a microsoft exchange web blog entry 8 stated that developers who have contributed to jet blue include cheen liao stephen hecht matthew bellew ian jose edward eddie gilbert kenneth kin lum balasubramanian sriram jonathan liem andrew goodsell laurion burchall andrei marinescu adam foxman ivan trindev spencer low and brett shirley in january 2021 microsoft open sourced ese 9 it was posted to github with the permissive mit license comparison to jet red edit while they share a common lineage there are vast differences between jet red and ese jet red is a file sharing technology while ese is designed to be embedded in a server application and does not share files jet red makes best effort file recovery while ese has write ahead logging and snapshot isolation for guaranteed crash recovery jet red before version 4 0 supports only page level locking while ese and jet red version 4 0 supports record level locking jet red supports a wide variety of query interfaces including odbc and ole db ese does not ship with a query engine but instead relies on applications to write their own queries...
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