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enic state main articles axis occupation of greece and hellenic state 1941 1944 greece 1941 1944 following the german invasion of greece and the flight of the greek government to crete and then egypt the hellenic state was formed in may 1941 as a puppet state of both italy and germany initially italy had wished to annex greece but was pressured by germany to avoid civil unrest such as had occurred in bulgarian annexed areas the result was italy accepting the creation of a puppet regime with the support of germany italy had been assured by hitler of a primary role in greece most of the country was held by italian forces but strategic locations central macedonia the islands of the northeastern aegean most of crete and parts of attica were held by the germans who seized most of the country s economic assets and effectively controlled the collaborationist government the puppet regime never commanded any real authority and did not gain the allegiance of the people it was somewhat successful in preventing secessionist movements like the aromanian roman legion from establishing themselves by mid 1943 the greek resistance had liberated large parts of the mountainous interior free greece setting up a separate administration there after the italian armistice the italian occupation zone was taken over by the german armed forces who remained in charge of the country until their withdrawal in autumn 1944 in some aegean islands german garrisons were left behind and surrendered only after the end of the war japanese further information greater east asia co prosperity sphere the empire of japan created a number of client states in the areas occupied by its military beginning with the creation of manchukuo in 1932 these puppet states achieved varying degrees of international recognition cambodia main article japanese occupation of cambodia the kingdom of kampuchea was a short lived japanese puppet state that lasted from 9 march 1945 to 15 august 1945 the japanese entered the french protectorate of cambodia in mid 1941 but allowed vichy french officials to remain in administrative posts while japanese calls for an asia for the asiatics won over many cambodian nationalists in march 1945 in order to gain local support the japanese dissolved french colonial rule and pressured cambodia to declare independence within the greater east asia co prosperity sphere 191 king sihanouk declared the kingdom of kampuchea replacing the french name independent son ngoc thanh who had fled to japan in 1942 returned in may and was appointed foreign minister 192 on the date of japanese surrender a new government was proclaimed with son ngoc thanh as prime minister when the allies occupied phnom penh in october son ngoc thanh was arrested for collaborating with the japanese and was exiled to france 192 azad hind main articles indian national army and azad hind the arzi hukumat e azad hind the provisional government of free india was a state that was recognized by nine axis governments and accepted as part of the axis by the japanese 193 it was led by subhas chandra bose an indian nationalist who rejected mahatma gandhi s nonviolent methods for achieving independence the first indian national army faltered after its leadership objected to being a propaganda tool for japanese war aims and the role of japanese liaison office it was revived by the indian independence league with japanese support in 1942 after the ex pows and indian civilians in south east asia agreed to participate in the ina venture on the condition it was led by bose from occupied singapore bose declared india s independence on october 21 1943 the indian national army was committed as a part of the u go offensive it played a largely marginal role in the battle and suffered serious casualties and had to withdraw with the rest of japanese forces after the siege of imphal was broken it was later committed to the defence of burma against the allied offensive it suffered a large number of desertions in this latter part the remaining troops of the ina maintained order in rangoon after the withdrawal of ba maw s government the provisional government was given nominal control of the andaman and nicobar islands from november 1943 to august 1945 inner mongolia mengjiang main article mengjiang mengjiang was a japanese puppet state in inner mongolia it was nominally ruled by prince demchugdongrub a mongol nobleman descended from genghis khan but was in fact controlled by the japanese military mengjiang s independence was proclaimed on 18 february 1936 following the japanese occupation of the region the inner mongolians had several grievances against the central chinese government in nanjing including their policy of allowing unlimited migration of han chinese to the region several of the young princes of inner mongolia began to agitate for greater freedom from the central government and it was through these men that japanese saw their best chance of exploiting pan mongol nationalism and eventually seizing control of outer mongolia from the soviet union japan created mengjiang to exploit tensions between ethnic mongolians and the central government of china which in theory ruled inner mongolia when the various puppet governments of china were unified under the wang jingwei government in march 1940 mengjiang retained its separate identity as an autonomous federation although under the firm control of the japanese imperial army which occupied its territory prince demchugdongrub had his own independent army mengjiang vanished in 1945 following japan s defeat in world war ii laos main article kingdom of luang prabang japanese puppet state french indochina including laos had been occupied by the japanese in 1941 though government by the vichy french colonial officials had continued the liberation of france in 1944 bringing charles de gaulle to power meant the end of the alliance between japan and the vichy french administration in indochina on 9 march 1945 the japanese staged a military coup in hanoi and on 8 april they reached luang phrabang king sīsavāngvong was detained by the japanese and forced to issue a declaration of independence albeit one that does not appear to have ever been formalised french control over laos was re asserted in 1946 194 philippines second republic main articles japanese occupation of the philippines and second philippine republic after the surrender of the filipino and american forces in bataan peninsula and corregidor island the japanese established a puppet state in the philippines in 1942 195 the following year the philippine national assembly declared the philippines an independent republic and elected josé laurel as its president 196 there was never widespread civilian support for the state largely because of the general anti japanese sentiment stemming from atrocities committed by the imperial japanese army 197 the second philippine republic ended with japanese surrender in 1945 and laurel was arrested and charged with treason by the us government he was granted amnesty by president manuel roxas and remained active in politics ultimately winning a seat in the post war senate vietnam empire of vietnam main article empire of vietnam the empire of vietnam was a short lived japanese puppet state that lasted from 11 march to 23 august 1945 when the japanese seized control of french indochina they allowed vichy french administrators to remain in nominal control this french rule ended on 9 march 1945 when the japanese officially took control of the government soon after emperor bảo đại voided the 1884 treaty with france and trần trọng kim a historian became prime minister german italian and japanese cooperation german japanese axis cooperation main article germany japan relations rapprochement axis and world war ii 1920 1945 see also germany japan industrial co operation before world war ii on 7 december 1941 japan attacked the us naval bases in pearl harbor hawaii according to the stipulation of the tripartite pact nazi germany and fascist italy were required to come to the defense of their allies only if they were attacked since japan had made the first move germany and italy were not obliged to aid her until the united states counterattacked nevertheless expecting the us to declare war on germany in any event 198 hitler ordered the reichstag to formally declare war on the united states 199 hitler had agreed that germany would almost certainly declare war when the japanese first informed him of their intention to go to war with the united states on 17 november 1941 200 italy also declared war on the us historian ian kershaw suggests that this declaration of war against the united states was a serious blunder made by germany and italy as it allowed the united states to join the war in europe and north africa without any limitation 201 on the other hand american destroyers escorting convoys had been effectively intervening in the battle of the atlantic with german and italian ships and submarines and the immediate war declaration made the second happy time possible for u boats 202 franklin d roosevelt had said in his fireside chat on 9 december 1941 2 days before the european axis powers formally declared war on america that germany and italy already considered themselves to be in a state of war with the united states 203 plans for rainbow five had been published by the press early in december 1941 204 and hitler could no longer ignore the amount of economic and military aid the us was giving britain and the ussr 205 hitler declaring war on the united states on 11 december 1941 italian pilots of a savoia marchetti sm 75 long range cargo aircraft meeting with japanese officials upon arriving in east asia in 1942 german and japanese direct spheres of influence at their greatest extents in autumn 1942 arrows show planned movements to an agreed demarcation line at 70 e which was however never approximated see also germany portal italy portal japan portal axis leaders of world war ii axis powers negotiations on the division of asia central powers collaboration with nazi germany and fascist italy collaboration with the empire of japan list of expansion operations and planning of the axis powers foreign relations of the axis powers german soviet axis talks greater germanic reich hakkō ichiu hetalia axis powers hypothetical axis victory in world war ii italian imperialism under fascism croatian romanian slovak friendship proclamation list of pro axis leaders and governments or direct control in occupied territories military history of italy during world war ii new order nazism world war ii by country hitlers zweites buch notes german achsenmächte ˈaksn̩ˌmɛçtə ⓘ italian potenze dell asse poˈtɛntse delˈlasse japanese 枢軸国 sūjikukoku sɯːdʑikɯꜜkokɯ official name of the occupied territory translated from german gebiet des militärbefehlshaber serbiens a german occupied territory 187 citations goldberg maren lotha gloria sinha surabhi 24 march 2009 rome berlin axis britannica com britannica group inc retrieved 11 february 2021 cornelia schmitz berning 2007 vokabular des nationalsozialismus berlin de gruyter p 745 isbn 978 3 11 019549 1 cooke tim 2005 history of world war ii vol 1 origins and outbreak marshall cavendish p 154 isbn 0761474838 retrieved 28 october 2020 tucker spencer roberts priscilla mary 2005 encyclopedia of world war ii a political social and military history abc clio p 102 isbn 9781576079997 retrieved 13 february 2021 momah sam 1994 global strategy from its genesis to the post cold war era vista books p 71 isbn 9789781341069 retrieved 13 february 2021 1 2 hedinger daniel 8 june 2017 the imperial nexus the second world war and the axis in global perspective journal of global history 12 2 184 205 doi 10 1017 s1740022817000043 issn 1740 0228 martin dietrich glessgen and günter holtus eds genesi e dimensioni di un vocabolario etimologico lessico etimologico italiano etymologie und wortgeschichte des italienischen ludwig reichert 1992 p 63 1 2 watt d c 1960 the rome berlin axis 1936 1940 myth and reality the review of politics 22 4 530 531 doi 10 1017 s0034670500004095 1 2 sinor 1959 p 291 1 2 3 4 5 knox 2000 p 124 knox 2000 p 125 gooch john 2007 mussolini and his generals the armed forces and fascist foreign policy 1922 1940 cambridge university press p 11 schreiber gerhard stegemann bern vogel detlef 1995 germany and the second world war oxford university press p 113 burgwyn 1997 p 68 christian leitz nazi foreign policy 1933 1941 the road to global war p 10 burgwyn 1997 p 75 burgwyn 1997 p 81 1 2 burgwyn 1997 p 82 1 2 3 4 burgwyn 1997 p 76 1 2 3 4 burgwyn 1997 p 78 1 2 neville 2004 p 123 1 2 knickerbocker h r 1941 is tomorrow hitler s 200 questions on the battle of mankind reynal hitchcock pp 7 8 neville 2004 pp 123 125 martel gordon 2003 origins of second world war reconsidered a j p taylor and historians digital printing ed routledge p 179 martel gordon 2006 austrian foreign policy in historical context new brunswick new jersey transaction publishers p 179 neville 2004 p 125 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 boscaro gatti raveri 1990 pp 32 39 1 2 weinberg 2005 p 30 31 boscaro gatti raveri 1990 p 33 boscaro gatti raveri 1990 p 38 boscaro gatti raveri 1990 pp 39 40 hill 2003 p 91 shelley baranowski axis imperialism in the second world war oxford university press 2014 stanley g payne a history of fascism 1914 1945 madison university of wisconsin press 1995 p 379 1 2 harrison 2000 p 3 harrison 2000 p 4 harrison 2000 p 10 harrison 2000 pp 10 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 harrison 2000 p 20 harrison 2000 p 19 axworthy 1995 pp 17 20 lewis copeland lawrence w lamm stephen j mckenna the world s great speeches fourth enlarged 1999 edition p 485 hitler s germany origins interpretations legacies london england routledge 1939 p 134 1 2 stephen j lee europe 1890 1945 p 237 peter d stachura the shaping of the nazi state p 31 stutthof zeszyty muzeum 3 pl issn 0137 5377 mirosław gliński geneza obozu koncentracyjnego stutthof na tle hitlerowskich przygotowan w gdansku do wojny z polska 1 2 jan karski the great powers and poland from versailles to yalta rowman littlefield 2014 p 197 weinberg 2005 p 32 maria wardzyńska był rok 1939 operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w polsce intelligenzaktion instytut pamięci narodowej ipn 2009 a c kiss hague yearbook of international law martinus nijhoff publishers 1989 william young german diplomatic relations 1871 1945 the wilhelmstrasse and the formulation of foreign policy iuniverse 2006 p 271 1 2 3 gabrielle kirk mcdonald documents and cases volumes 1 2 the hague netherlands kluwer law international 2000 p 649 geoffrey a hosking rulers and victims the russians in the soviet union harvard university press 2006 p 213 catherine andreyev vlasov and the russian liberation movement soviet reality and emigré theories first paperback edition cambridge england cambridge university press 1989 pp 53 61 1 2 randall bennett woods a changing of the guard anglo american relations 1941 1946 uni...
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