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blackfoot, assiniboine, arapaho, apache, 1776, 1912
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ubsection 6 1 coinage 6 2 geography and parks 6 3 sculpture 7 see also 8 notes 9 references 10 further reading 11 external links toggle the table of contents sacagawea 48 languages العربية azərbaycanca bikol central বাংলা català čeština deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español euskara فارسی suomi français frysk gaeilge gàidhlig galego עברית magyar interlingua bahasa indonesia íslenska italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 bahasa melayu nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål polski nawat português română русский simple english slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska ไทย türkçe тыва дыл українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча 閩南語 bân lâm gí 中文 edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia native american explorer c 1788 1812 this article is about the native american woman for the hewlett packard processor see hp sacajawea for the coin see sacagawea dollar sacagawea sacagawea right with lewis and clark at the three forks mural at montana house of representatives born may 1788 lemhi river valley near present day salmon idaho us died december 20 1812 aged 24 kenel south dakota or wyoming other names sakakawea sacajawea known for accompanied the lewis and clark expedition spouse toussaint charbonneau children at least 2 including jean baptiste charbonneau sacagawea ˌ s æ k ə dʒ ə ˈ w iː ə sak ə jə wee ə or s ə ˌ k ɑː ɡ ə ˈ w eɪ ə sə kah gə way ə 1 also spelled sakakawea or sacajawea c may 1788 december 20 1812 2 3 4 was a lemhi shoshone or hidatsa 5 woman who in her teens helped the lewis and clark expedition in achieving their chartered mission objectives by exploring the louisiana territory sacagawea traveled with the expedition thousands of miles from north dakota to the pacific ocean helping to establish cultural contacts with native american people and contributing to the expedition s knowledge of natural history in different regions the national american woman suffrage association of the early 20th century adopted sacagawea as a symbol of women s worth and independence erecting several statues and plaques in her memory and doing much to recount her accomplishments 6 early life reliable historical information about sacagawea is very limited according to toussaint charbonneau her husband she was born c 1788 into the agaidika salmon eater aka lemhi shoshone tribe near present day salmon idaho this is near the continental divide at the present day idaho montana border 7 in 1800 when she was about 12 years old sacagawea and several other children were taken captive by a group of hidatsa in a raid that resulted in the deaths of several shoshone four men four women and several boys she was held captive at a hidatsa village near present day washburn north dakota 8 she disclosed to lewis and other expedition members that four shoshone men and some boys were killed in the battle and she was taken captive with other women and boys her captors were gos vauntos indians which some historians attribute to the hidatsa according to an alternative theory presented in the sacagawea project board s 2021 book our story of eagle woman sacagawea was born as a member of the hidatsa tribe and was possibly abducted by the shoshone rather than the reverse as in charbonneau s telling before returning to her tribe the authors cite a 1923 oral history told by a man who claimed to be her grandson bulls eye that was supported by contemporary elders in the tribe the sacagawea project board conducted dna testing that they say shows a genetic link between hidatsa descended from cedar woman who was said to be sacagawea s daughter born after her supposed death in 1812 and french canadians with the name charbonneau 5 at about age 13 she was granted into what was then a native american custom at the time a non consensual marriage to charbonneau a quebecois trapper he had also been associated with another young shoshone girl known as otter woman for a wife charbonneau was variously reported to have purchased both girls from the hidatsa or to have won sacagawea while gambling 8 lewis and clark expedition in 1804 the corps of discovery reached a mandan village where captains meriwether lewis and william clark built fort mandan for wintering over in 1804 05 they interviewed several trappers who might be able to interpret or guide the expedition up the missouri river in the springtime knowing they would need to communicate with the tribal nations who lived at the headwaters of the missouri river they agreed to hire toussaint charbonneau in early winter of 1804 who claimed to speak several native languages and one of his wives who spoke shoshone sacagawea was pregnant with her first child at the time on november 4 1804 clark recorded in his journal 9 a a french man by name chabonah who speaks the big belley language visit us he wished to hire informed us his 2 squars squaws were snake indians we engau engaged him to go on with us and take one of his wives to interpret the snake language charbonneau and sacagawea moved into the expedition s fort a week later clark later nicknamed her janey b lewis observed her activities as part of his ethnographic report on native people she and her family traveled mostly in the co captains company ate near or with them and shared the same tent lewis recorded the birth of jean baptiste charbonneau on february 11 1805 noting that another of the party s interpreters administered crushed rattlesnake rattles in water to speed the delivery which helped with the painful delivery clark and other members of the corps nicknamed the boy pomp or pompy in april 1805 the expedition left fort mandan and headed up the missouri river in pirogues and sacagawea carried young jean baptiste on her back in an indian cradleboard 11 while heading up the missouri river they had to be poled against the current and sometimes pulled by crew along the riverbanks on may 14 1805 sacagawea rescued items that had fallen out of a capsized boat including the journals and records of lewis and clark the corps commanders who praised her quick action named the sacagawea river in her honor on may 20 1805 by august 1805 the corps had located a shoshone tribe and was attempting to trade for horses to cross the rocky mountains they used sacagawea to interpret and discovered that the tribe s leader cameahwait was her brother though in the shoshoni language cousin and brother are the same word 12 lewis and clark expedition 1918 by charles marion russell lewis and clark reach the shoshone camp led by sacagawea lewis recorded their reunion in his journal 13 shortly after capt clark arrived with the interpreter charbono and the indian woman who proved to be a sister of the chief cameahwait the meeting of those people was really affecting particularly between sah cah gar we ah and an indian woman who had been taken prisoner at the same time with her and who had afterwards escaped from the minnetares and rejoined her nation and clark in his 14 the intertrepeter sic squar who were before me at some distance danced for the joyful sight and she made signs to me that they were her nation the shoshone agreed to barter horses and to provide guides to lead the expedition over the rocky mountains the mountain crossing took longer than expected and the expedition s food supplies dwindled when they descended into more temperate regions sacagawea helped to find and cook camas roots to help the party members regain their strength as the expedition approached the mouth of the columbia river on the pacific coast sacagawea gave up her beaded belt to enable the captains to trade for a fur robe they wished to bring back to give to president thomas jefferson clark s journal entry for november 20 1805 reads 15 one of the indians had on a roab made of 2 sea otter skins the fur of them were more butifull than any fur i had ever seen both capt lewis my self endeavored to purchase the roab with different articles at length we precured it for a belt of blue beeds which the squar wife of our interpreter shabono wore around her waste sic lewis and clark on the lower columbia by charles marion russell a painting of the expedition depicting sacagawea with arms outstretched when the corps reached the pacific ocean all members of the expedition including sacagawea and clark s enslaved servant york voted on november 24 on the location for building their winter fort in january when a whale s carcass washed up onto the beach south of fort clatsop sacagawea insisted on her right to go see this monstrous fish on the return trip they approached the rocky mountains in july 1806 on july 6 clark recorded the indian woman informed me that she had been in this plain frequently and knew it well she said we would discover a gap in the mountains in our direction i e present day gibbons pass a week later on july 13 1806 sacagawea advised clark to cross into the yellowstone river basin at what is now known as bozeman pass later this was chosen as the optimal route for the northern pacific railway to cross the continental divide the indian woman who has been of great service to me as a pilot through this country recommends a gap in the mountain s more south which i shall cross 16 while sacagawea has been depicted as a guide for the expedition 17 page needed she is recorded as providing direction in only a few instances primarily in present day montana her work as a guide revolved around her geographical insight and as an interpreter her work as an interpreter helped the party to negotiate with the shoshone but she also had significant value to the mission simply by her presence on the journey as having a woman and infant accompany them demonstrated the peaceful intent of the expedition while traveling through what is now franklin county washington in october 1805 clark noted that the wife of shabono charbonneau our interpreter we find reconciles all the indians as to our friendly intentions a woman with a party of men is a token of peace 18 further he wrote that she confirmed those people of our friendly intentions as no woman ever accompanies a war party of indians in this quarter sic 19 as clark traveled downriver from fort mandan at the end of the journey on board the pirogue near the ricara village he wrote to charbonneau 20 you have been a long time with me and conducted your self in such a manner as to gain my friendship your woman who accompanied you that long dangerous and fatigueing rout to the pacific ocian and back diserved a greater reward for her attention and services on that rout than we had in our power to give her at the mandans as to your little son my boy pomp you well know my fondness of him and my anxiety to take him and raise him as my own child if you are desposed to accept either of my offers to you and will bring down you son your famn femme woman janey had best come along with you to take care of the boy untill i get him wishing you and your family great success with anxious expectations of seeing my little danceing boy baptiest i shall remain your friend william clark sic clark to charbonneau august 20 1806 sacagawea was mentioned 108 times in the combined lewis and clark journals often in passing as the wife of our interpreter our squaw or the snake woman later life and death children following the expedition charbonneau and sacagawea spent three years among the hidatsa before accepting william clark s invitation to settle in st louis missouri in 1809 they entrusted jean baptiste s education to clark who enrolled the young man in the saint louis academy boarding school 21 page needed 22 sacagawea gave birth to a daughter lizette charbonneau about 1812 22 lizette was identified as a year old girl in adoption papers in 1813 recognizing william clark who also adopted her older brother that year 23 because clark s papers make no later mention of lizette it is believed that she died in childhood death according to bonnie spirit wind walker butterfield historical documents suggest that sacagawea died in 1812 of an unknown sickness 22 for instance a journal entry from 1811 by henry brackenridge a fur trader at fort lisa trading post on the missouri river wrote that sacagawea and charbonneau were living at the fort 22 brackenridge recorded that sacagawea had become sickly and longed to revisit her native country 24 john luttig a fort lisa clerk recorded in his journal on december 20 1812 that the wife of charbonneau a snake squaw i e shoshone died of putrid fever 24 he said that she was aged about 25 years she left a fine infant girl 22 documents held by clark show that charbonneau had already entrusted their son baptiste to clark s care for a boarding school education at clark s insistence 21 page needed 22 sakakawea obelisk at the believed site of her death mobridge south dakota 2003 in february 1813 a few months after luttig s journal entry 15 men were killed in a native attack on fort lisa which was then located at the mouth of the bighorn river 24 john luttig as well as sacagawea s infant daughter were among the survivors charbonneau was mistakenly thought to have been killed at this time but he apparently lived to at least age 76 25 he had signed over formal custody of his son to william clark in 1813 26 as further proof that sacagawea died in 1812 butterfield writes 22 an adoption document made in the orphans court records in st louis missouri states 23 on august 11 1813 william clark became the guardian of tousant charbonneau a boy about ten years and lizette charbonneau a girl about one year old for a missouri state court at the time to designate a child as orphaned and to allow an adoption both parents had to be confirmed dead in court papers the last recorded document referring to sacagawea s life appears in william clark s original notes written between 1825 and 1826 22 he lists the names of each of the expedition members and their last known whereabouts for sacagawea he writes se car ja we au dead 21 documentary evidence and scholarly debate while the 1812 death date has been widely accepted by historians recent scholarship has identified significant problems with the documentary evidence the sacagawea project board s 2021 book our story of eagle woman presents several challenges to the traditional narrative 27 translation problems toussaint charbonneau the primary source for information about sacagawea had poor command of both hidatsa and english communication required a complex chain of translation that according to a contemporary trader went from the natives to the woman from the woman to the husband from the husband to the mulatto rené jusseaume and finally to the captains 28 clark s cash book reliability the document that ...
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