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und a desktop metaphor file shortcuts also known as shell links were introduced 15 and the desktop was re purposed to hold shortcuts to applications files and folders reminiscent of mac os in windows 3 1 the desktop was used to display icons of running applications in windows 95 the currently running applications were displayed as buttons on a taskbar across the bottom of the screen 16 the taskbar also contained a notification area used to display icons for background applications a volume control and the current time 17 the start menu invoked by clicking the start button on the taskbar or by pressing the windows key was introduced as an additional means of launching applications or opening documents while maintaining the program groups used by its predecessor program manager it also displayed applications within cascading sub menus 18 the previous file manager program was replaced by windows explorer and the explorer based control panel and several other special folders were added such as my computer dial up networking recycle bin network neighborhood my documents recent documents fonts printers and my briefcase among others autorun was introduced for cd drives the user interface looked dramatically different from prior versions of windows but its design language did not have a special name like metro aqua or material design internally it was called the new shell and later simply the shell 19 the subproject within microsoft to develop the new shell was internally known as stimpy 20 in 1994 microsoft designers mark malamud and erik gavriluk approached brian eno to compose music for the windows 95 project 21 the result was the six second start up music sound of the windows 95 operating system the microsoft sound and it was first released as a startup sound in may 1995 on windows 95 may test release build 468 22 when released for windows 95 and windows nt 4 0 internet explorer 4 came with an optional windows desktop update which modified the shell to provide several additional updates to windows explorer including a quick launch toolbar and new features integrated with internet explorer such as active desktop which allowed internet content to be displayed directly on the desktop some of the user interface elements introduced in windows 95 such as the desktop taskbar start menu and windows explorer file manager remained fundamentally unchanged on future versions of windows windows 10 edit a new iteration of the start menu is used on the windows 10 desktop with a list of places and other options on the left side and tiles representing applications on the right the menu can be resized and expanded into a full screen display which is the default option in tablet mode 23 a new virtual desktop system was added a feature known as task view displays all open windows and allows users to switch between them or switch between multiple workspaces 23 universal apps which previously could be used only in full screen mode can now be used in self contained windows similarly to other programs 24 23 program windows can now be snapped to quadrants of the screen by dragging them to the corner when a window is snapped to one side of the screen task view appears and the user is prompted to choose a second window to fill the unused side of the screen called snap assist 23 windows system icons were also changed 25 charms have been removed their functionality in universal apps is accessed from an app commands menu on their title bar 24 23 in its place is action center which displays notifications and settings toggles it is accessed by clicking an icon in the notification area or dragging from the right of the screen notifications can be synced between multiple devices 24 25 the settings app formerly pc settings was refreshed and now includes more options that were previously exclusive to the desktop control panel 26 27 windows 10 is designed to adapt its user interface based on the type of device being used and available input methods it offers two separate user interface modes a user interface optimized for mouse and keyboard and a tablet mode designed for touchscreens users can toggle between these two modes at any time and windows can prompt or automatically switch when certain events occur such as disabling tablet mode on a tablet if a keyboard or mouse is plugged in or when a 2 in 1 pc is switched to its laptop state in tablet mode programs default to a maximized view and the taskbar contains a back button and hides buttons for opened or pinned programs by default task view is used instead to switch between programs the full screen start menu is used in this mode similarly to windows 8 but scrolls vertically instead of horizontally 28 29 30 31 apple macintosh edit apple classic macos edit overview edit the classic mac os a system software is the series of operating systems developed for the macintosh family of personal computers by apple inc from 1984 to 2001 starting with system 1 and ending with mac os 9 the macintosh operating system is credited with having popularized the graphical user interface concept 32 it was included with every macintosh that was sold during the era in which it was developed and many updates to the system software were done in conjunction with the introduction of new macintosh systems apple released the original macintosh on 24 january 1984 the first version of the system software which had no official name was partially based on the lisa os which apple previously released for the lisa computer in 1983 as part of an agreement allowing xerox to buy shares in apple at a favorable price it also used concepts from the xerox parc alto computer which former apple ceo steve jobs and other lisa team members had previewed 33 this operating system consisted of the macintosh toolbox rom and the system folder a set of files that were loaded from disk the name macintosh system software came into use in 1987 with system 5 apple rebranded the system as mac os in 1996 starting officially with version 7 6 due in part to its macintosh clone program 34 that program ended after the release of mac os 8 in 1997 35 the last major release of the system was mac os 9 in 1999 36 initial versions of the system software ran one application at a time with the macintosh 512k a system extension called the switcher was developed to use this additional memory to allow multiple programs to remain loaded the software of each loaded program used the memory exclusively only when activated by the switcher did the program appear even the finder s desktop with the switcher the now familiar clipboard feature allowed cut and paste between the loaded programs across switches including the desktop citation needed with the introduction of system 5 a cooperative multitasking extension called multifinder was added which allowed content in windows of each program to remain in a layered view over the desktop and was later integrated into system 7 as part of the operating system along with support for virtual memory by the mid 1990s however contemporary operating systems such as windows nt os 2 and nextstep had all brought pre emptive multitasking protected memory access controls and multi user capabilities to desktop computers the macintosh s limited memory management and susceptibility to conflicts among extensions that provide additional functionality such as networking or support for a particular device 37 led to significant criticism of the operating system and was a factor in apple s declining market share at the time citation needed after two aborted attempts at creating a successor to the macintosh system software called taligent and copland and a four year development effort spearheaded by steve jobs return to apple in 1997 apple replaced mac os with a new operating system in 2001 named mac os x the x signifying the underlying unix system family base shared with jobs development of the nextstep operating systems on the next computer it retained most of the user interface design elements of the classic mac os and there was some overlap of application frameworks for compatibility but the two operating systems otherwise have completely different origins and architectures citation needed the final updates to mac os 9 released in 2001 provided interoperability with mac os x the name classic that now signifies the historical mac os as a whole is a reference to the classic environment a compatibility layer that helped ease the transition to mac os x now macos 38 apple macos edit overview edit macos 39 previously mac os x and later os x is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by apple inc since 2001 it is the primary operating system for apple s mac computers within the market of desktop laptop and home computers and by web usage it is the second most widely used desktop os after microsoft windows 40 41 macos is the direct successor to the classic mac os the line of macintosh operating systems with nine releases from 1984 to 1999 macos adopted the unix kernel and inherited technologies developed between 1985 and 1997 at next the company that apple co founder steve jobs created after leaving apple in 1985 releases from mac os x 10 5 leopard 42 and thereafter are unix 03 certified 43 apple s mobile operating system ios has been considered a variant of macos 44 mac os x 10 0 code named cheetah was the first major release and version of macos apple s desktop and server operating system mac os x 10 0 was released on 24 march 2001 for a price of us 129 it was the successor of the mac os x public beta and the predecessor of mac os x 10 1 code named puma mac os x 10 0 was a radical departure from the classic mac os and was apple s long awaited answer for a next generation macintosh operating system it introduced a brand new code base completely separate from mac os 9 s as well as all previous apple operating systems and had a new unix like core darwin which features a new memory management system unlike releases of mac os x 10 2 to 10 8 the operating system was not externally marketed with the name of a big cat apple macos components edit see also macos components and list of macos built in apps the finder is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer which has been modified throughout subsequent releases of macos 45 46 quick look has been part of the finder since version 10 5 it allows for dynamic previews of files including videos and multi page documents without opening any other applications spotlight a file searching technology which has been integrated into the finder since version 10 4 allows rapid real time searches of data files mail messages photos and other information based on item properties metadata and or content 47 48 macos makes use of a dock which holds file and folder shortcuts as well as minimized windows apple added exposé in version 10 3 called mission control since version 10 7 a feature which includes three functions to help accessibility between windows and desktop its functions are to instantly display all open windows as thumbnails for easy navigation to different tasks display all open windows as thumbnails from the current application and hide all windows to access the desktop 49 filevault is optional encryption of the user s files with the 128 bit advanced encryption standard aes 128 50 features introduced in version 10 4 include automator an application designed to create an automatic workflow for different tasks 51 dashboard a full screen group of small applications called desktop widgets that can be called up and dismissed in one keystroke 52 and front row a media viewer interface accessed by the apple remote 53 sync services allows applications to access a centralized extensible database for various elements of user data including calendar and contact items the operating system then managed conflicting edits and data consistency 54 all system icons are scalable up to 512 512 pixels as of version 10 5 to accommodate various places where they appear in larger size including for example the cover flow view a three dimensional graphical user interface included with itunes the finder and other apple products for visually skimming through files and digital media libraries via cover artwork that version also introduced spaces a virtual desktop implementation which enables the user to have more than one desktop and display them in an exposé like interface 55 an automatic backup technology called time machine which allows users to view and restore previous versions of files and application data 56 and screen sharing was built in for the first time 57 in more recent releases apple has developed support for emoji characters by including the proprietary apple color emoji font 58 59 apple has also connected macos with social networks such as twitter and facebook through the addition of share buttons for content such as pictures and text 60 apple has brought several applications and features that originally debuted in ios its mobile operating system to macos in recent releases notably the intelligent personal assistant siri which was introduced in version 10 12 of macos 61 62 unix and unix like systems edit unix edit unix ˈ j uː n ɪ k s trademarked as unix is a family of multitasking multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original at t unix whose development started in the 1970s at the bell labs research center by ken thompson dennis ritchie and others 63 initially intended for use inside the bell system at t licensed unix to outside parties in the late 1970s leading to a variety of both academic and commercial unix variants from vendors including university of california berkeley bsd microsoft xenix sun microsystems sunos solaris hp hpe hp ux and ibm aix in the early 1990s at t sold its rights in unix to novell which then sold its unix business to the santa cruz operation sco in 1995 64 the unix trademark passed to the open group an industry consortium founded in 1996 which allows the use of the mark for certified operating systems that comply with the single unix specification sus however novell continues to own the unix copyrights which the sco group inc v novell inc court case 2010 confirmed unix systems are characterized by a modular design that is sometimes called the unix philosophy according to this philosophy the operating system should provide a set of simple tools each of which performs a limited well defined function 65 a unified filesystem the unix filesystem and an inter process communication mechanism known as pipes serve as the main means of communication 63 and a shell scripting and command language the unix shell is used to combine the tools to perform complex workflows unix distinguishes itself from its predecessors as the first portable operating system almost the entire operating system is written in the c programming language which allows unix to operate on numerous platforms 66 macos described above is a unix like system and beginning with ma...
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