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ted on the windows xp platform 64 but is known to work there thus due to the end of java 7 s lifecycle it is the recommended version for xp users previously only an unofficial manual installation method had been described for windows xp sp3 it refers to jdk8 the developing platform for java that also includes a fully functioning java runtime environment 65 java 8 is supported on windows server 2008 r2 sp1 windows vista sp2 and windows 7 sp1 ubuntu 12 04 lts and above and some other oses 66 java se 9 and 10 have higher system requirements i e windows 7 or server 2012 and web browser minimum certified is upped to internet explorer 11 or other web browsers and oracle dropped 32 bit compatibility for all platforms i e only oracle s 64 bit java virtual machines jvms are certified 67 java se 11 lts was released september 2018 the first lts release since the rapid release model was adopted starting with version 9 for the first time openjdk 11 represents the complete source code for the java platform under the gnu general public license and while oracle still dual licenses it with an optional proprietary license there are no code differences nor modules unique to the proprietary licensed version 68 java 11 features include two new garbage collector implementations flight recorder to debug deep issues a new http client including websocket support 69 java se 12 was released march 2019 70 java se 13 was released september 2019 71 java se 14 was released march 2020 72 java se 15 was released september 2020 java se 16 was released march 2021 java se 17 lts was released september 2021 java se 18 was released march 2022 java se 19 was released september 2022 java se 20 was released march 2023 java se 21 lts was released september 2023 java se 22 was released march 2024 java se 23 was released september 2024 java se 24 was released march 2025 java se 25 lts was released september 2025 java se 26 was released march 2026 java se 27 was released september 2026 in addition to language changes significant changes have been made to the java class library over the years which has grown from a few hundred classes in jdk 1 0 to over three thousand in j2se 5 0 entire new apis such as swing and java 2d have evolved and many of the original jdk 1 0 classes and methods have been deprecated thereof some terminally deprecated e g related to finalization 73 at least one very rarely used api for threading has been removed from java 22 74 75 usage edit desktop use edit a java program running on a windows vista desktop supported by java 8 but not officially by later versions such as java 11 desktop computer current java is supported on 64 bit windows 10 and server 2016 and later 64 bit macos 13 x and later and 64 bit linux e g oracle enterprise linux others are not supported by oracle for building but may be by ibm sap etc though are known to work e g aix ubuntu rhel and alphine musl 32 bit windows support is deprecated since java 22 and 32 bit jvm no longer builds without non default options according to oracle in 2010 the java runtime environment was found on over 850 million pcs 76 microsoft has not bundled a java runtime environment jre with its operating systems since sun microsystems sued microsoft for adding windows specific classes to the bundled java runtime environment and for making the new classes available through visual j citation needed apple no longer includes a java runtime with os x as of version 10 7 but the system prompts the user to download and install it the first time an application requiring the jre is launched citation needed many linux distributions include the openjdk runtime as the default virtual machine negating the need to download the proprietary oracle jre 77 some java applications are in fairly widespread desktop use including the netbeans eclipse and jetbrains 78 integrated development environments and file sharing clients such as limewire and vuze java is also used in the matlab mathematics programming environment both for rendering the user interface and as part of the core system java provides cross platform user interface for some high end collaborative applications such as lotus notes oracle plans to first deprecate the separately installable java browser plugin from the java runtime environment in jdk 9 then remove it completely from a future release forcing web developers to use an alternative technology 79 mascot edit duke the mascot of java java s mascot is named duke 80 when sun announced that java se and java me would be released under a free software license the gnu general public license they released the duke graphics under the free bsd license at the same time 81 a new duke personality is created every year 82 for example in july 2011 future tech duke included a bigger nose a jetpack and blue wings 83 licensing edit the source code for sun s implementations of java i e the de facto reference implementation has been available for some time but until recently 84 the license terms severely restricted what could be done with it without signing and generally paying for a contract with sun as such these terms did not satisfy the requirements of either the open source initiative or the free software foundation to be considered open source or free software and sun java was therefore a proprietary platform 85 while several third party projects e g gnu classpath and apache harmony created free software partial java implementations the large size of the sun libraries combined with the use of clean room methods meant that their implementations of the java libraries the compiler and vm are comparatively small and well defined were incomplete and not fully compatible these implementations also tended to be far less optimized than sun s citation needed free software edit see also openjdk jonathan i schwartz sun announced in javaone 2006 that java would become free and open source software 86 and on october 25 2006 at the oracle openworld conference jonathan i schwartz said that the company was set to announce the release of the core java platform as free and open source software within 30 to 60 days 87 sun released the java hotspot virtual machine and compiler as free software under the gnu general public license on november 13 2006 with a promise that the rest of the jdk that includes the jre would be placed under the gpl by march 2007 except for a few components that sun does not have the right to publish in distributable source form under the gpl 88 according to richard stallman this would mean an end to the java trap 89 mark shuttleworth called the initial press announcement a real milestone for the free software community 90 sun released the source code of the class library under gpl on may 8 2007 except some limited parts that were licensed by sun from third parties who did not want their code to be released under a free software and open source license 91 some of the encumbered parts turned out to be fairly key parts of the platform such as font rendering and 2d rasterizing but these were released as open source later by sun see openjdk class library sun s goal was to replace the parts that remain proprietary and closed source with alternative implementations and make the class library completely free and open source in the meantime a third party project called icedtea created a completely free and highly usable jdk by replacing encumbered code with either stubs or code from gnu classpath however openjdk has since become buildable without the encumbered parts from openjdk 6 b10 92 and has become the default runtime environment for most linux distributions 93 94 95 96 in june 2008 it was announced that icedtea 6 as the packaged version of openjdk on fedora 9 has passed the technology compatibility kit tests and can claim to be a fully compatible java 6 implementation 97 because openjdk is under the gpl it is possible to redistribute a custom version of the jre directly with software applications 98 99 rather than requiring the enduser or their sysadmin to download and install the correct version of the proprietary oracle jre onto each of their systems themselves criticism edit main article criticism of java in most cases java support is unnecessary in web browsers and security experts recommend that it not be run in a browser unless absolutely necessary 100 it was suggested by whom that if java is required by a few web sites users should have a separate browser installation specifically for those sites citation needed generics edit further information generics in java when generics were added to java 5 0 there was already a large framework of classes many of which were already deprecated so generics were chosen to be implemented using erasure to allow for migration compatibility and re use of these existing classes this limited the features that could be provided by this addition as compared to some other languages 101 102 the addition of type wildcards made java unsound 103 unsigned integer types edit java lacks native unsigned integer types unsigned data are often generated from programs written in c and the lack of these types prevents direct data interchange between c and java unsigned large numbers are also used in many numeric processing fields including cryptography which can make java less convenient to use for these tasks 104 although it is possible to partially circumvent this problem with conversion code and using larger data types it makes using java cumbersome for handling the unsigned data while a 32 bit signed integer may be used to hold a 16 bit unsigned value with relative ease a 32 bit unsigned value would require a 64 bit signed integer additionally a 64 bit unsigned value cannot be stored using any integer type in java because no type larger than 64 bits exists in the java language if abstracted using functions function calls become necessary for many operations which are native to some other languages alternatively it is possible to use java s signed integers to emulate unsigned integers of the same size but this requires detailed knowledge of complex bitwise operations 105 floating point arithmetic edit java s floating point arithmetic is largely based on ieee 754 standard for binary floating point arithmetic but certain features are not supported even when using the strictfp modifier such as exception flags and directed roundings capabilities mandated by ieee standard 754 additionally the extended precision floating point types permitted in 754 and present in many processors are not permitted in java 106 107 performance edit further information java performance in the early days of java before the hotspot vm was implemented in java 1 3 in 2000 there were some criticisms of performance benchmarks typically reported java as being about 50 slower than c a language which compiles to native code 108 109 110 java s performance has improved substantially since the early versions 23 performance of jit compilers relative to native compilers has in some optimized tests been shown to be quite similar 23 24 25 java bytecode can either be interpreted at run time by a virtual machine or it can be compiled at load time or runtime into native code which runs directly on the computer s hardware interpretation is slower than native execution and compilation at load time or runtime has an initial performance penalty for the compilation modern performant jvm implementations all use the compilation approach so after the initial startup time the performance is equivalent to native code security edit further information java security the java platform provides a security architecture 111 which is designed to allow the user to run untrusted bytecode in a sandboxed manner to protect against malicious or poorly written software this sandboxing feature is intended to protect the user by restricting access to certain platform features and apis which could be exploited by malware such as accessing the local filesystem running arbitrary commands or accessing communication networks in recent years researchers have discovered numerous security flaws in some widely used java implementations including oracle s which allow untrusted code to bypass the sandboxing mechanism exposing users to malicious attacks these flaws affect only java applications which execute arbitrary untrusted bytecode such as web browser plug ins that run java applets downloaded from public websites applications where the user trusts and has full control over all code that is being executed are unaffected on august 31 2012 java 6 and 7 both supported back then on microsoft windows os x and linux were found to have a serious security flaw that allowed a remote exploit to take place by simply loading a malicious web page 112 java 5 was later found to be flawed as well 113 on january 10 2013 three computer specialists spoke out against java telling reuters that it was not secure and that people should disable java jaime blasco labs manager with alienvault labs stated that java is a mess it s not secure you have to disable it 114 this vulnerability affects java 7 and it is unclear if it affects java 6 so it is suggested that consumers disable it 115 116 security alerts from oracle announce schedules of critical security related patches to java 117 on january 14 2013 security experts said that the update still failed to protect pcs from attack 118 this exploit hole prompted a response from the united states department of homeland security encouraging users to disable or uninstall java 14 apple blacklisted java in limited order for all computers running its os x operating system through a virus protection program 119 in 2014 and responding to then recent java security and vulnerability issues security blogger brian krebs has called for users to remove at least the java browser plugin and also the entire software i look forward to a world without the java plugin and to not having to remind readers about quarterly patch updates but it will probably be years before various versions of this plugin are mostly removed from end user systems worldwide 120 once promising it has outlived its usefulness in the browser and has become a nightmare that delights cyber criminals at the expense of computer users 121 i think everyone should uninstall java from all their pcs and macs and then think carefully about whether they need to add it back if you are a typical home user you can probably do without it if you are a business user you may not have a choice 122 adware edit the oracle distributed java runtime environment has a history of bundling sponsored software to be installed by default during installation and during the updates which roll out every month or so this includes the ask com toolbar that will redirect browser searches to ads and mcafee security scan plus 123 these offers can be blocked through a setting in the java control panel although this is not obvious this setting is located under the advanced tab in the java 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