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sardinia into two administrative areas led to the emergence of two separate orthographies logudorese and campidanese as standardized varieties of the same language ukrainian and rusyn priashiv prešov lemko pannonian are either considered to be standardized varieties of the same language or separate languages dutch is considered pluricentric with recognised varieties in suriname abc islands belgium and the netherlands papiamento is pluricentric with two standardised orthographies one used on the island of aruba and the other on the islands of curaçao and bonaire the aruban orthography is more etymological in nature while the other is more phonemic among the differences between the two standards one obvious difference is the way the name of the language is written in aruba it is written papiament o while in curaçao and bonaire it is written papiament u the governments of curaçao and aruba formally standardised orthographic rules in 1976 and 1977 respectively 62 63 the albanian language has two main varieties gheg and tosk gheg is spoken to the north and tosk spoken to the south of the shkumbin river standard albanian is a standardised form of spoken albanian based on tosk the belarusian language features two orthographic standards official belarusian sometimes referred to as narkamaŭka and taraškievica also known as classical orthography the division stems from 1933 reform believed by some to be an attempt to artificially similarize belarusian and russian languages originally these standards differed only in written form but due to taraškievica being widely used among belarusian diaspora it grew some distinct orthoepic features as well as differences in vocabulary afrikaans varieties of south africa and namibia see also edit abstand and ausbau languages binary distribution dialect continuum diasystem diglossia digraphia language secessionism lingua franca macrolanguage mutual intelligibility standard language variety linguistics world language references edit stewart 1968 p 534 kloss 1967 p 31 clyne 1992 p 1 kordić 2024 p 169 clyne 1992 pp 1 3 1 2 clyne 1992 p 3 abd el jawad 1992 p 262 abd el jawad 1992 p 271 dum tragut jasmine 2009 armenian modern eastern armenian amsterdam john benjamins pp xiii 1 isbn 978 9027238146 oclc 932596142 esteve valls alecha martijn wieling 2024 towards a social dialectometry the analysis of internal border effects estudos de lingüística galega 16 1 27 doi 10 15304 elg 16 9725 hdl 11370 cc2f1ee4 2db9 439c ae04 8250a10cd031 1 2 norman jerry 1988 chinese cambridge cambridge university press pp 136 137 isbn 978 0 521 29653 3 ramsey s robert 1987 the languages of china princeton university press pp 3 15 isbn 978 0 691 01468 5 bradley david 1992 chinese as a pluricentric language in clyne michael g ed pluricentric languages differing norms in different nations walter de gruyter pp 305 324 isbn 978 3 11 012855 0 chen ping 1999 modern chinese history and sociolinguistics new york cambridge university press pp 46 49 isbn 978 0 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languages differing norms in different nations contributions to the sociology of language 62 berlin new york mouton de gruyter pp 261 303 isbn 3 11 012855 1 ammon ulrich 1995 die deutsche sprache in deutschland österreich und der schweiz das problem der nationalen varietäten german language in germany austria and switzerland the problem of national varieties in german berlin new york walter de gruyter p 575 isbn 3 11 014753 x oclc 33981055 blum daniel 2002 sprache und politik sprachpolitik und sprachnationalismus in der republik indien und dem sozialistischen jugoslawien 1945 1991 language and policy language policy and linguistic nationalism in the republic of india and the socialist yugoslavia 1945 1991 beiträge zur südasienforschung vol 192 in german würzburg ergon p 200 isbn 3 89913 253 x oclc 51961066 clyne michael g ed 1992 pluricentric languages differing norms in different nations contributions to the sociology of language 62 berlin new york mouton de gruyter isbn 3 11 012855 1 clyne michael g kipp sandra 1999 pluricentric languages in an immigrant context spanish arabic and chinese berlin mouton de gruyter isbn 3 11 016577 5 daneš františek 1988 herausbildung und reform von standardsprachen development and reform of standard languages in ammon ulrich dittmar norbert mattheier klaus j eds sociolinguistics an international handbook of the science of language and society ii handbücher zur sprach und kommunikationswissenschaft 3 2 berlin new york mouton de gruyter pp 1506 1516 isbn 3 11 011645 6 oclc 639109991 dua hans raj 1992 hindi urdu as a pluricentric language in clyne michael g ed pluricentric languages differing norms in different nations contributions to the sociology of language 62 berlin new york mouton de gruyter pp 381 400 isbn 3 11 012855 1 oclc 24668375 kloss heinz 1967 abstand languages and ausbau languages anthropological linguistics 9 7 29 41 jstor 30029461 kordić snježana 2009 policentrični standardni jezik polycentric standard language pdf in badurina lada pranjković ivo silić josip eds jezični varijeteti i nacionalni identiteti in serbo croatian zagreb disput pp 83 108 isbn 978 953 260 054 4 oclc 437306433 ssrn 3438216 crosbi 426269 archived pdf from the original on 29 may 2012 retrieved 9 may 2018 önb kordić snježana 2024 ideology against language the current situation in south slavic countries pdf in nomachi motoki kamusella tomasz eds languages and nationalism instead of empires routledge histories of central and eastern europe london routledge pp 167 179 doi 10 4324 9781003034025 11 isbn 978 0 367 47191 0 oclc 1390118985 s2cid 259576119 ssrn 4680766 cobiss sr 125229577 cobiss 171014403 archived from the original on 2024 01 10 retrieved 2024 01 22 stewart william a 1968 1962 a sociolinguistic typology for describing national multilingualism in fishman joshua a ed readings in the sociology of language the hague paris mouton pp 531 545 doi 10 1515 9783110805376 531 isbn 978 3 11 080537 6 further reading edit dollinger stefan 2019 the pluricentricity de...
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