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entioned palaeoanthropologist john hawks the mooc provided by coursera takes a in depth look at human evolution detailing not just the complexity of the fossil record but also of the genetic record the course includes all the exciting news from the rising star expedition and exciting footage and interviews with palaeoanthropologists at sites from around the world including the dmanisi site in georgia malapa in south africa and others i am particularly looking forward to the discussion of human evolution within the past 10 000 years and the stunning advancements made with extracting ancient dna from fossil hominins i joined this course a few months ago when i first mentioned the course on this blog but you can still join up now just remember that the course is split up into weekly topics so you may not want to miss one i have so far watched the majority of the interesting and well presented videos for the first week the focus of which is our place among the primates i cannot wait to join in and participate in the course fully hope to see you there find out more hear lee berger talk about the rising star expedition here 9 mins long the national geographic rising star expedition blog informative and up to date the john hawks and coursea mooc course human evolution past and future john hawks weblog a fantastic resource to learn about the latest articles in human evolution tags john hawks mooc palaeoanthropology rising star comments 4 comments categories australopithecus sediba dmanisi homo erectus education education outreach hominin human anatomy human evolution human evolution past and present human osteology john hawks mooc moocs palaeoanthropology rising star expedition science blogging university of the witwatersrand university of wisconsin madison d4500 the 5th dmanisi skull 22 oct a paper has been by published by lordkipanidze et al 2013 in the journal science which highlights the unique fossil finds at the dmanisi palaeoanthropological site in georgia of the cranial and post cranial remains of 5 homo erectus individuals in particular the paper discusses the morphological aspects of the fifth dmanisi skull d4500 and associated mandible d2600 as a remarkably well preserved find discovered during field work at dmanisi in 2005 d4500 and d2600 represents one of the best preserved and complete adult skulls of early pleistocene homo fossils so far discovered and described lordkipanidze et al 2013 326 the paper in question debates the morphological variation between the cranial remains of the five homo erectus individuals at dmanisi suggesting that there is greater variation in the homo genus than is typically given credit for the paper compares the five dmanisi crania and their morphological variations between the individuals to early and later homo species hominins including early african homo species and homo neaderthalensis modern homo sapiens and extant apes including pan troglodytes the conclusions of the article suggest that there is wide variation within the early homo palaeodeme of morphological variation much more than has been noted or given credit for with perhaps too many species being named and described as individual species in the early homo fossil record lordkipanidze et al 2013 330 argue that the dmanisi collection could represent evidence of the single lineage hypothesis for early homo of course this is a contentious issues and further research is needed but this is exciting nonetheless there has been numerous online blog entries debating the article and its implication for the evolution of the homo genus to my mind the articles linked to below perhaps sum up the best reactions and thoughts to the article although i look forward to further peer reviewed research being carried out outlining the main issues from the article and the evolutionary mechanism behind the variations present in the homo genus is weiss s article over at the t he mermaid s tale which is informative and exciting he also discusses the background to the one species hypothesis within homo which lordkipanidze et al 2013 imply could be a possibility as a result of their study of d4500 they also suggest it as a mechanism for phylogenetic continuity across continents for early homo john hawks presents critical comments on the article and evocatively describes just how well d4500 has survived and how beautiful and complete a specimen the individual actually is in particular hawks offers his own interesting comments on early homo evolution and the importance of understanding the many facets of evolution that are at work including the genetic differences and how modern populations of homo sapiens often provide poor comparative models for ancient homo species at a p van arsdale s blog there is a nice breakdown of the article itself including just why the five crania at dmanisi are so important and just what their discovery may mean for interpreting the hominin fossil record now to end this brief blog post i think it is only right that i post a picture of the articulated skull of d4500 himself it is a beautifully preserved specimen and one worth taking the time to ponder over the articulated individual known as d4500 cranium and d2600 mandible exhibiting a small braincase with a large prognathic face found at the georgian site of dmanisi in 2005 the skull also boasts of one of the best preserved basicranial of any homo erectus known hawks 2013 although the dentition displays that most of the teeth were worn past their crowns source lordkipanidze et al 2013 327 it is likely that the individual is a male but expected a flood of research to take place in the next few years on the dmanisi individuals and their context within human evolution further information a full list of scientific publications from the dmanisi palaeoanthropological site can be found here on the official website though i am unsure how often the site is updated the website has detailed information on the formation and geology of the site including the hominins and the different species of fauna that have been found plus you can still get a place to dig at the actual site check out the human story s take on a new 2014 article suggesting that there could possibly be two hominin lineages suggested at the dmanisi site bibliography hawks j 2013 the new skull from dmanisi john hawks weblog 18 10 2013 lordkipanidze d ponce de león m s margvelashvili a rak y rightmire g p vekua a zollikofer c p e 2013 a complete skull from dmanisi georgia and the evolutionary biology of early homo science 342 6156 326 331 full article here email if this doesn t work van arsdale a p 2013 the new wonderfu dmanisi skull the pleistocene scene a p van arsdale blog 17 10 2013 weiss k 2013 how many human species are there is it even a real question why does anybody care the dmanisi skulls the mermaid s tale 21 10 2013 tags georgian homo erectus palaeoanthropology comments 17 comments categories d4500 d2600 dmanisi homo erectus georgian archaeology homo erectus human evolution palaeoanthropology science anatomically modern humans a brief introduction 22 apr the imperative of the human species to know thyself has developed into a rapidly expanding field in palaeoanthropology the exploration of our species homo sapiens is a particularly active field which utilizes multi disciplinary approaches to untangle the evolutionary threads of our beginning the following essay introduces concepts and approaches used in this field whilst raising current research issues for a species that is both narcissistic and inquisitive homo sapiens has so far done a remarkably poor job of defining itself as a morphological entity tattersall and schwartz 2008 49 thus starts the opening sentence to tattersall and schwartz s 2008 article on the problems of clarifying the morphological distinctiveness of anatomically modern humans amh or the species homo sapiens it is perhaps applicable not just to the morphological characteristics but also the fossil record and origins of amh themselves pearson 2008 38 this paper then will discuss the principles behind the definitions and evolution of amh in context with reference to its behaviour and morphological traits in turn the dominant models of the origin and subsequent dispersion of amh will be discussed with reference to where homo sapiens fit in the palaeoanthropological record a wealth of new genetic research data and fossil finds has considerably opened up the treasure chest of hominin information which is having a considerable impact on our understanding of the h sapiens place in the evolutionary records bowden et al 2012 curnoe et al 2012 krause et al 2010 prat et al 2011 wood 2005 42 it is directly as a result of how the reporting of evolutionary science has changed in the past few decades mcewan 2012 and how technological approaches have uncovered so much genetic data in reconstructing fossil record relationships jurmain et al 2011 270 that the definition of amh is not so easy this paper will conclude with a talk on how the biocultural evolution of h sapiens is now impacting both our environment and localised populations in certain contexts le fanu 2009 hawks et al 2007 jurmain et al 2011 it is important to note that h sapiens are the last species of the genus homo with the first species tentatively dated in africa to nearly 2 5 million ya years ago which led to the first dispersal of hominins largely h erectus from africa around 1 8 ya jurmain et a l 2011 240 amh dispersal occurred much later it was once thought that amh were defined by modern anatomy and behaviour at the junction of the upper palaeolithic around 40 000 ya nowell 2010 438 however recent palaeoanthropological finds and research have discovered a distinct decoupling between early amh anatomy and later symbolic modern behaviour with anatomically similar traits of amh in fossils pinpointed to east and south africa to around 200 000 ya rightmire 2008 8 wood 2005 however there are problems concurrent with the dating of the hominin fossil record as millard 2008 870 concludes that the dating evidence for many key fossils is poor typically there are a number of assigned morphological features that mark out homo sapiens compared to other species in the homo genus table 1 as tattersall and schwartz 2008 51 note however impressive the suite of features not all of them are expressed with equal emphasis in all living humans when this is combined with the fossil record of amh with individuals often taken as examples for their own long lost skeletal population and the problems inherent in the preservation of skeletal elements geological pressure scavenging etc we should rightly be wary of definitively assigning a species name before comparison with relative contextual remains stratigraphic layers and other similar period sites millard 2008 pettitt 2005 general characteristic morphological features of amh cranial cranial capacity in excess 1350cc variable distinct chin inverted t relatively veretical frontal bone relatvely flat non projecting face brow ridge expressed more clearly in males round occipital region small incisor teeth post cranial narrow thorax small and narrow pelvis straight limb bones typically less robust more gracile then recent ancestors table 1 general morphology for homo sapiens pettitt 2005 132 tattersall and schwartz 2008 51 wood 2005 110 nb see also pearson s table 2 2008 39 using a cladistics framework pearson 2008 38 highlighted the fact that there are specific difficulties in using statistical measurements of metrical and discrete measurements as having been conceptualised as derived features in amh crania with comparison to neandertal and h erectus crania however there are further problems when trying to establish if the earliest h sapiens african fossils of omo kibish the herto crania or near eastern skhul and qafzeh fossils fit within the 95 rate of modern features with results not even reaching the 75 fit of the modern features for amh pearson 2008 39 in part this is due to fossils such as the herto crania which are used as the mean of that particular population which ultimately conflates individual within population variation and between population variation jurmain et al 2011 pearson 2008 39 other problems of quantifying such long chronological morphological differences include the lack of various populations of modern australian aboriginals for example and certain prehistoric peoples being outside of the 95 confidence to fit the given morphological concept of amh clearly there needs to be a control on the temporal geographic population of the amh under consideration in such studies when carrying out both the statistical analysis with other fossil hominins and when taking the defining measurements pettitt 2005 132 137 argues that h sapiens should be classed into three arbitrary chronological groups of morphological continuity 1 those of the earliest h sapiens including material from bodo ethopia broken hill zambia and elandfontein south africa amongst others 2 transitional or archaic h sapiens including herto omo kibish 1 and 2 ethiopia florisbad south africa and jebel irhoud morocco 3 finally amh including makapansgat border cave and equus cave south africa taramsa egypt and dar es soltan morocco examples see table 2 below for dates this ordering of morphological continuity defines amh through the evolution of h sapien traits with retention of h ergaster traits earliest whilst the amh group compromise clear amh dating to less than 125 000 ya pettitt 2005 132 as pearson 2008 44 suggests the process of becoming modern likely occurred as a series of steps regardless of whether one considers these different steps to be different taxa in a bushy phylogeny or merely different grades in a single evolving lineage pearson 2008 44 goes on to say that the evolution of modern man should be viewed as a process rather than an event involving rapid morphological change due to drift during population bottlenecks and selection for new advantageous traits or genes or a combination of the two rather than a singular smooth process therefore we should be wary of relying purely on the often sparse fossil record regardless it is widely recognised that h sapiens are a probably daughter species of h erectus i e as a result of a speciation occurrence which spread across africa and into western eurasia at the beginning of or just before the middle pleistocene jurmain et al 2011 rightmire 2008 8 recent research has also led to five majority agreements in regards to the tenets of amh behaviour table 2 nowell 2010 447 wood 2005 109 makes the salient point that early eurocentrism in the search for amh behavioural origins clouded certain judgements such as focusing on western europe to the detriment of african archaeological sites points of consensus on modern behaviour the relationship between modern anatomy and modern behaviour is more complex than once thought modern behaviour has symbolic thoughts at its core archaeological ...
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