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description= Reflections on books and art;
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ly losing the initial storyline and becoming something more general ballooned further up to the size of a great nineteenth century novel such as vanity fair 600 pages before he jettisoned large chunks to focus on the current characters and trimmed it back to the final still fairly hefty length 340 pages in the penguin paperback in 1933 he told a visitor to his home that he d written 400 000 words and thrown away three quarters to get it down to size it had a fraught and complicated gestation which leaves countless traces in the final version s personal tribulations this long gestation period covered the most difficult part of fitzgerald s life as his wife the original flapper zelda went mad she had a breakdown in 1930 and for two years scott took her from specialist to specialist until he was eventually forced to confine her to a sanatorium in the states in 1932 there was also the small matter of the wall street crash of 1929 which not only wiped out a lot of his personal savings but also brought the decade long party the jazz decade the era that made him and which he was indelibly identified with to a crashing halt through all the trials of this long difficult period fitzgerald kept himself going by telling himself his long novel would be hailed as his masterpiece and revive his career poor reception in the event the book was poorly received friends thought it was a masterpiece but the general run of critics pooh poohed it and sales were poor for the remaining 6 years of his life he died in 1940 fitzgerald remained puzzled and irked by its failure to us now it s obvious why up to this point fitzgerald s fictions had been tremendously up to date the main actions of his novels and short stories were set in the very recent past gatsby published in 1925 is set in 1922 and referenced the very latest popular songs and fashions in tender for the first time fitzgerald is looking back way back published in 1934 paragraph three of the entire book tells us the main action is set in 1925 it is a vivid depiction of the frenetic lifestyle and tragedies of a particular generation of young americans especially the first third of the story set on the sun kissed french riviera and then in paris but by the time tender was finally published that era that mood with its catchphrases and popular songs was as dead as a doornail america had entered the great depression and stories about the careless rich were not only out of date but actively repellent in the era of the dustbowl and buddy can you spare a dime fitzgerald had come to seem like yesterday s man and his concerns were yesterday s news it was only as the dust settled and both decades the 20s and 30s were eclipsed by the second world war and then by the cold war 1950s that tender was cast loose from the exact date of its publication and came to be seen as representing the very economic and psychological collapse that militated against its early success embodying the tragic arc from carefree wealth to embittered failure which symbolised america s fall from the frantically affluent 1920s to the impoverished 30s and acquired its current reputation as an american classic two versions but for my money the most important thing about tender is the night is that it exists in two drastically different versions one from 1934 and one from 1948 the original version uses flashbacks establishing a now of 1925 on the riviera and describing at some length for the entirety of the first of the novel s three books the social circle of dick and nicola diver before at the start of book 2 leaping right back to 1917 to describe the events which led up to this present showing how young dr richard diver falls in love with a mentally ill young patient nicole warren woos and marries her despite opposition from her wealthy family there are further jumps in time book 2 chapter 10 fast forwards through the six years from the love affair in zurich in 1917 to the married couple leading their wild set on the riviera in 1925 then there s another big leap which is easy to miss or be confused by at the start of chapter 14 which without much warning transports us 4 years further along the timeline into 1928 critics and readers complained that this flashback structure made the story feel broken up and hard to follow and so after fitzgerald s death his friend and critic malcolm cowley undertook a comprehensive revision of the text it was based on fitzgerald s own later thoughts and suggestions which cowley cites in the penguin introduction in accordance with these he rearranged the material into a far more straightforward chronological order turning the three slightly confusing books of the original version into five books each of which has a timeline clearly indicated in the title which are fitzgerald s own suggestions thus book 1 case history 1917 to 1919 book 2 rosemary s angle 1919 to 1925 book 3 casualties 1925 book 4 escape 1925 to 1929 book 5 the way home 1929 to 1930 in this revised version the story starts with the former book 2 beginning in 1917 and follows events in their chronological sequence arriving at the riviera scenes half way through before going on to chronicle the breakup of the divers marriage in a straightforward chronological sequence but then the second world war intervened in cowley s re editing work so it was only in 1948 that cowley s revised version of tender is the night was published online and offline the 1948 cowley version was published in the uk by penguin continues to be their version and the version published by almost every other imprint to the present day it s the 1978 penguin paperback reprint of it which i read as a schoolboy and began to read for this review however when i went looking for it on the internet i discovered that you can t find it online in fact there s some kind of paradox at work because on amazon or ebay the only version you seem able to buy appears to be the 1948 version whereas the only version you can find online is the 1934 version presumably something to do with copyright having lapsed since 1934 but still being in effect for 1948 which version to read as soon as i read the opening sentences of the penguin 1948 edition i felt there was something wrong in the spring of 1917 when doctor richard diver first arrived in zurich he was twenty six years old a fine age for a man indeed the very acme of bachelorhood even for wartime days it was a fine age for dick who was already too valuable too much of a capital investment to be shot off a gun years later it seemed to him that even in this sanctuary he did not escape lightly but about that he never made up his mind all three of these sentences are clumsy but the first one seems unworthy to open a great novel too clumsy clunky too obviously a piece of blunt factual exposition compare them with the opening of the original 1934 edition on the pleasant shore of the french riviera about half way between marseilles and the italian border stands a large proud rose coloured hotel deferential palms cool its flushed façade and before it stretches a short dazzling beach lately it has become a summer resort of notable and fashionable people a decade ago it was almost deserted after its english clientele went north in april now many bungalows cluster near it but when this story begins only the cupolas of a dozen old villas rotted like water lilies among the massed pines between gausse s hôtel des étrangers and cannes five miles away now this is the way to do it deferential palms and a short dazzling beach i m there straightaway and then hooked by the old villas rotting like water lilies wow it feels like a much better way to open a major novel and then i also read somewhere that fitzgerald very consciously used the cut up flashback structure in a bid to match the modernist writers who d come to the fore during the 1920s that it was an intrinsic part of his intention taken together these two points clinched it for me and so i read and this is a review of the 1934 version if you want to be really scholarly about it cowley s notes to the penguin edition make it clear that the 1934 version itself appeared in two versions the version serialised in four instalments in scribner s magazine january to april 1934 and then the book version which cut a number of scenes which appeared in the magazine in narrative theory fabula story refers to the chronological sequence of events that make up the narrative while syuzhet plot refers to how those events are presented or arranged within the narrative which may not always be in chronological order the internet story summary a high level summary of the story and thus a summary of the chronological 1948 version would be 1917 young idealistic american psychiatrist richard dick diver while studying in europe and attached to a psychiatric clinic in switzerland finds a severely troubled but attractive young woman patient nicole warren from a very wealthy american family falling in love with him the owner of the clinic and the colleague his own age franz gregorovius both encourage the romance because it seems to be effecting a dramatic cure of the patient dick meets nicole s older sister the more detached and calculating beth baby warren who explains that the family had considered buying a psychiatrist to cure nicola she and her super wealthy family disapprove of dick s lack of wealth but he seems to be curing nicole so they ll accept him for the time being 1925 doctor and patient have got married and settled on the french riviera where they have become the centre of a glamorous circle of american and other expatriates rather than present all this in a flat factual way fitzgerald has the brilliant idea of presenting it through the eyes of a very young naive and virginal movie star rosemary hoyt who arrives on the riviera chaperoned by her ambitious mother and almost immediately falls in love with charismatic dick who is like the enchanter at the centre of the magic circle who controls and organises everyone s lives and the endless summery parties falls in love and at one shocking moment in her room begs him to take her but they never actually consummate what is in reality little more than a schoolgirl crush rosemary is just 17 rising 18 when she arrives duel but after a particularly wonderful dinner at their fine villa the parting guests squabble one of the wives violet mckisco came across some unspecified scene in the bathroom at the villa when she goes to tell the others a male guest tommy barban tells her to shut up her husband albert mckisco tells him to shut up and a big argument ensues which rather ludicrously leads to a duel the next day no one is killed but this new darker tone introduces a series of chapters describing the casualties of this lifestyle murders in paris the divers and many of their circle move to paris where there s a series of violent incidents the composer abe north is meant to catch a train to le havre to take a boat back to the states at the station there s an unexplained incident where a woman completely unknown to the group of friends shoots a man as he s getting on a train a crowd gathers the police arrive etc then it turns out that abe never got to le havre but came back and in a garbled phone call seems to have gotten mixed up with low life criminals in montmartre one of these is a black man a mr jules peterson who in an inexplicable incident is shot and murdered in the same hotel where dick and nicole and rosemary are staying and which dick has to go to pains to cover up in order to protect rosemary s reputation these violent and puzzling incidents indicate something unstable and hysterical at the centre of the divers marriage but are also powerful if obscure symbols of the frenetic instability underlying the jazz era as a whole dick s decline years pass with many more vivid scenes in the story dick is invited by his swiss colleague franz gregorovius to invest money in buying the buildings of an existing psychiatric clinic which is closing down and go into business together dick has no money of his own and is only able to do this with funds provided by nicola with the approval of the shrewd and controlling sister baby warren 1928 years pass and the novel conveys the sense that the business flourished and dick became a notable professional this is done quickly in order to hurry us on to the moments several years later in 1928 when dick is declining several clients complain they can smell booze on his breath his partner franz suggests he takes a leave of absence or leave of abstinence as he comically misphrases it 1930 as dick declines nicola becomes stronger buried beneath a welter of scenes is the basic idea that dick has lost whatever it was he had his power his charm and resorts increasingly to drink when young rosemary turns up again five years after her first appearance in 1925 dick has a go at seeing if there s still any romance between them which not only alienates nicola but disgusts her she realises she is stronger than him as if their relationship is a seesaw she is now higher barban and the signal of this is that she has an affair with the mercenary soldier half caucasian half latin tommy barban who s always been part of their circle and always been in love with her what they have isn t a patch on the profound connection between her and dick and yet he has lost it as if the life has been sucked out of him he is a shadow of his former self divorce nicole lets herself be seduced by tommy and then acquiesces in a standoff between tommy and dick in which the latter feebly gives in concedes defeat says he ll give nicola a divorce if she wants it money wins and pretty much the final scene is the two sisters nicola and baby warren sitting on the beach that dick once owned and dominated looking at his rather pathetic figure alone up on the rocks before he catches a train out of their lives forever and the point actually very similar to the conclusion of the great gatsby is that money has won the middle class idealist dick has been used drained and thrown away by big money in his notes to the penguin edition cowley notes in a sense both novels have the same theme a poor young man ruined by his love for a rich woman p 352 plot summary this narrative material is rearranged in the 1934 version into three parts or books book 1 in june 1925 very young not quite 18 movie star rosemary hoyt famous for her big hit daddy s girl arrives on the french riviera she s accompanied by her mother and seeking to recover from a bout of pneumonia she picked up filming in a movie scene where she had to repeatedly jump into a canal in a hollywood studio mock up of venice here she bumps into a crowd of young affluent americans who are just discovering the riviera and gets drawn into their circle the most charismatic figure is dr richard dick diver who is there with his wife nicole they seem to have it all youth glamour confidence at that moment the divers represented externally the exa...
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