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s lead section may be too long please read the length guidelines and help move details into the article s body may 2023 learn how and when to remove this message advanced video coding h 264 mpeg 4 part 10 advanced video coding for generic audiovisual services status in force year started 2003 23 years ago 2003 first published 17 august 2004 2004 08 17 latest version 15 0 13 august 2024 2024 08 13 organization itu t iso iec committee sg16 vceg mpeg base standards h 261 h 262 aka mpeg 2 video h 263 iso iec 14496 2 aka mpeg 4 part 2 related standards h 265 aka hevc h 266 aka vvc predecessor h 263 successor h 265 domain video compression license mpeg la 1 website www itu int rec t rec h 264 block diagram of video coding layer of h 264 encoder with perceptual quality score advanced video coding avc also referred to as h 264 or mpeg 4 part 10 is a video compression standard based on block oriented motion compensated coding 2 it is by far the most commonly used format for the recording compression and distribution of video content used by 79 of video industry developers as of december 2024 update 3 it supports a maximum resolution of 8k uhd 4 5 h 264 was standardized by the itu t video coding experts group vceg of study group 16 together with the iso iec jtc 1 moving picture experts group mpeg the project partnership effort is known as the joint video team jvt the itu t h 264 standard and the iso iec mpeg 4 avc standard formally iso iec 14496 10 mpeg 4 part 10 advanced video coding are jointly maintained so that they have identical technical content the final drafting work on the first version of the standard was completed in may 2003 and various extensions of its capabilities have been added in subsequent editions high efficiency video coding hevc a k a h 265 and mpeg h part 2 is a successor to h 264 mpeg 4 avc developed by the same organizations while earlier standards are still in common use h 264 is perhaps best known as being the most commonly used video encoding format on blu ray discs it has also been widely used by streaming internet sources such as videos from netflix hulu amazon prime video vimeo youtube more recently transitioning to vp9 and av1 and the itunes store web software such as the adobe flash player and microsoft silverlight and also various hdtv broadcasts over terrestrial atsc isdb t dvb t or dvb t2 cable dvb c and satellite dvb s and dvb s2 systems h 264 is restricted by patents owned by various parties a license covering most but not all citation needed patents essential to h 264 is administered by a patent pool formerly administered by mpeg la via licensing corp acquired mpeg la in april 2023 and formed a new patent pool administration company called via licensing alliance 6 the commercial use of patented h 264 technologies requires the payment of royalties to via and other patent owners mpeg la has allowed the free use of h 264 technologies for streaming internet video that is free to end users and cisco paid royalties to mpeg la on behalf of the users of binaries for its open source h 264 encoder openh264 naming edit the h 264 name follows the itu t naming convention where recommendations are given a letter corresponding to their series and a recommendation number within the series h 264 is part of h series recommendations audiovisual and multimedia systems h 264 is further categorized into h 200 h 499 infrastructure of audiovisual services and h 260 h 279 coding of moving video 7 the mpeg 4 avc name relates to the naming convention in iso iec mpeg where the standard is part 10 of iso iec 14496 which is the suite of standards known as mpeg 4 the standard was developed jointly in a partnership of vceg and mpeg after earlier development work in the itu t as a vceg project called h 26l it is thus common to refer to the standard with names such as h 264 avc avc h 264 h 264 mpeg 4 avc or mpeg 4 h 264 avc to emphasize the common heritage occasionally it is also referred to as the jvt codec in reference to the joint video team jvt organization that developed it such partnership and multiple naming is not uncommon for example the video compression standard known as mpeg 2 also arose from the partnership between mpeg and the itu t where mpeg 2 video is known to the itu t community as h 262 8 some software programs such as vlc media player internally identify this standard as avc1 history edit overall history edit in early 1998 the video coding experts group vceg itu t sg16 q 6 issued a call for proposals on a project called h 26l with the target to double the coding efficiency which means halving the bit rate necessary for a given level of fidelity in comparison to any other existing video coding standards for a broad variety of applications vceg was chaired by gary sullivan microsoft formerly picturetel u s the first draft design for that new standard was adopted in august 1999 in 2000 thomas wiegand heinrich hertz institute germany became vceg co chair in december 2001 vceg and the moving picture experts group mpeg iso iec jtc 1 sc 29 wg 11 formed a joint video team jvt with the charter to finalize the video coding standard 9 formal approval of the specification came in march 2003 the jvt was is chaired by gary sullivan thomas wiegand and ajay luthra motorola u s later arris u s in july 2004 the fidelity range extensions frext project was finalized from january 2005 to november 2007 the jvt was working on an extension of h 264 avc towards scalability by an annex g called scalable video coding svc the jvt management team was extended by jens rainer ohm rwth aachen university germany from july 2006 to november 2009 the jvt worked on multiview video coding mvc an extension of h 264 avc towards 3d television and limited range free viewpoint television that work included the development of two new profiles of the standard the multiview high profile and the stereo high profile throughout the development of the standard additional messages for containing supplemental enhancement information sei have been developed sei messages can contain various types of data that indicate the timing of the video pictures or describe various properties of the coded video or how it can be used or enhanced sei messages are also defined that can contain arbitrary user defined data sei messages do not affect the core decoding process but can indicate how the video is recommended to be post processed or displayed some other high level properties of the video content are conveyed in video usability information vui such as the indication of the color space for interpretation of the video content as new color spaces have been developed such as for high dynamic range and wide color gamut video additional vui identifiers have been added to indicate them fidelity range extensions and professional profiles edit the standardization of the first version of h 264 avc was completed in may 2003 in the first project to extend the original standard the jvt then developed what was called the fidelity range extensions frext these extensions enabled higher quality video coding by supporting increased sample bit depth precision and higher resolution color information including the sampling structures known as y c b c r 4 2 2 a k a yuv 4 2 2 and 4 4 4 several other features were also included in the frext project such as adding an 8 8 integer discrete cosine transform integer dct with adaptive switching between the 4 4 and 8 8 transforms encoder specified perceptual based quantization weighting matrices efficient inter picture lossless coding and support of additional color spaces the design work on the frext project was completed in july 2004 and the drafting work on them was completed in september 2004 five other new profiles see version 7 below intended primarily for professional applications were then developed adding extended gamut color space support defining additional aspect ratio indicators defining two additional types of supplemental enhancement information post filter hint and tone mapping and deprecating one of the prior frext profiles the high 4 4 4 profile that industry feedback by whom indicated should have been designed differently scalable video coding edit the next major feature added to the standard was scalable video coding svc specified in annex g of h 264 avc svc allows the construction of bitstreams that contain layers of sub bitstreams that also conform to the standard including one such bitstream known as the base layer that can be decoded by a h 264 avc codec that does not support svc for temporal bitstream scalability i e the presence of a sub bitstream with a smaller temporal sampling rate than the main bitstream complete access units are removed from the bitstream when deriving the sub bitstream in this case high level syntax and inter prediction reference pictures in the bitstream are constructed accordingly on the other hand for spatial and quality bitstream scalability i e the presence of a sub bitstream with lower spatial resolution quality than the main bitstream the nal network abstraction layer is removed from the bitstream when deriving the sub bitstream in this case inter layer prediction i e the prediction of the higher spatial resolution quality signal from the data of the lower spatial resolution quality signal is typically used for efficient coding the scalable video coding extensions were completed in november 2007 multiview video coding edit the next major feature added to the standard was multiview video coding mvc specified in annex h of h 264 avc mvc enables the construction of bitstreams that represent more than one view of a video scene an important example of this functionality is stereoscopic 3d video coding two profiles were developed in the mvc work multiview high profile supports an arbitrary number of views and stereo high profile is designed specifically for two view stereoscopic video the multiview video coding extensions were completed in november 2009 3d avc and mfc stereoscopic coding edit additional extensions were later developed that included 3d video coding with joint coding of depth maps and texture termed 3d avc multi resolution frame compatible mfc stereoscopic and 3d mfc coding various additional combinations of features and higher frame sizes and frame rates versions edit versions of the h 264 avc standard include 29 completed revisions corrigenda and amendments 10 applications edit further information list of video services using h 264 mpeg 4 avc the h 264 video format has a very broad application range that covers all forms of digital compressed video from low bit rate internet streaming applications to hdtv broadcast and digital cinema applications with nearly lossless coding with the use of h 264 bit rate savings of 50 or more compared to mpeg 2 part 2 are reported for example h 264 has been reported to give the same digital satellite tv quality as current mpeg 2 implementations with less than half the bitrate with current mpeg 2 implementations working at around 3 5 mbit s and h 264 at only 1 5 mbit s 11 sony claims that 9 mbit s avc recording mode is equivalent to the image quality of the hdv format which uses approximately 18 25 mbit s 12 to ensure compatibility and problem free adoption of h 264 avc many standards bodies have amended or added to their video related standards so that users of these standards can employ h 264 avc both the blu ray disc format and the now discontinued hd dvd format include the h 264 avc high profile as one of three mandatory video compression formats the digital video broadcast project dvb approved the use of h 264 avc for broadcast television in late 2004 the advanced television systems committee atsc standards body in the united states approved the use of h 264 avc for broadcast television in july 2008 13 14 it has also been approved for use with the more recent atsc m h mobile handheld standard using the avc and svc portions of h 264 15 the closed circuit television and video surveillance markets have included the technology in many products many common dslrs use h 264 video wrapped in quicktime mov containers as the native recording format derived formats edit avchd is a high definition recording format designed by sony and panasonic that uses h 264 conforming to h 264 while adding additional application specific features and constraints avc intra is an intraframe only compression format developed by panasonic xavc is a recording format designed by sony that uses level 5 2 of h 264 mpeg 4 avc which is the highest level supported by that video standard 16 17 xavc can support 4k resolution 4096 2160 and 3840 2160 at up to 60 frames per second fps 16 17 sony has announced that cameras that support xavc include two cinealta cameras the sony pmw f55 and sony pmw f5 18 the sony pmw f55 can record xavc with 4k resolution at 30 fps at 300 mbit s and 2k resolution at 30 fps at 100 mbit s 19 xavc can record 4k resolution at 60 fps with 4 2 2 chroma sampling at 600 mbit s 20 21 design edit features edit h 264 avc mpeg 4 part 10 contains a number of new features that allow it to compress video much more efficiently than older standards and to provide more flexibility for application to a wide variety of network environments in particular some such key features include multi picture inter picture prediction including the following features using previously encoded pictures as references in a much more flexible way than in past standards allowing up to 16 reference frames or 32 reference fields in the case of interlaced encoding to be used in some cases in profiles that support non idr frames most levels specify that sufficient buffering should be available to allow for at least 4 or 5 reference frames at maximum resolution this is in contrast to prior standards where the limit was typically one or in the case of conventional b pictures b frames two variable block size motion compensation vbsmc with block sizes as large as 16 16 and as small as 4 4 enabling precise segmentation of moving regions the supported luma prediction block sizes include 16 16 16 8 8 16 8 8 8 4 4 8 and 4 4 many of which can be used together in a single macroblock chroma prediction block sizes are correspondingly smaller when chroma subsampling is used the ability to use multiple motion vectors per macroblock one or two per partition with a maximum of 32 in the case of a b macroblock constructed of 16 4 4 partitions the motion vectors for each 8 8 or larger partition region can point to different reference pictures the ability to use any macroblock type in b frames including i macroblocks resulting in much more efficient encoding when using b frames this feature was notably left out from mpeg 4 asp six tap filtering for derivation of half pel luma sample predictions for sharper subpixel motion compensation quarter pixel motion is derived by linear interpolation of the halfpixel values to save processing power quarter pixel precision for motion compensation enabling precise d...
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