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spurious emission radio amateurs have access to frequency allocations throughout the rf spectrum usually allowing choice of an effective frequency for communications across a local regional or worldwide path the shortwave bands or hf are suitable for worldwide communication and the vhf and uhf bands normally provide local or regional communication while the microwave bands have enough space or bandwidth for amateur television transmissions and high speed computer networks the international symbol for amateur radio is included in the logos of many iaru member societies the diamond holds a circuit diagram featuring components common to every radio an antenna inductor and ground in most countries an amateur radio license grants permission to the license holder to own modify and operate equipment that is not certified by a governmental regulatory agency this encourages amateur radio operators to experiment with home constructed or modified equipment the use of such equipment must still satisfy national and international standards on spurious emissions amateur radio operators are encouraged both by regulations and tradition of respectful use of the spectrum to use as little power as possible to accomplish the communication 66 this is to minimise interference or electromagnetic compatibility emc to any other device although allowable power levels are moderate by commercial standards they are sufficient to enable global communication lower license classes usually have lower power limits for example the lowest license class in the uk foundation licence has a limit of 25 w 67 power limits vary from country to country and between license classes within a country for example the peak envelope power limits for the highest available license classes in a few selected countries are 2 25 kw in canada 68 1 5 kw in the united states 1 0 kw in belgium luxembourg switzerland south africa the united kingdom and new zealand 750 w in germany 500 w in italy 400 w in australia and india and 150 w in oman output power limits may also depend on the mode of transmission in australia for example 400 w may be used for ssb transmissions but fm and other modes are limited to 120 w the point at which power output is measured may also affect transmissions the united kingdom measures at the point the antenna is connected to the signal feed cable which means the radio system may transmit more than 400 w to overcome signal loss in the cable conversely the u s and germany measure power at the output of the final amplification stage which results in a loss in radiated power with longer cable feeds 69 certain countries permit amateur radio licence holders to hold a notice of variation that allows higher power to be used than normally allowed for certain specific purposes e g in the uk some amateur radio licence holders are allowed to transmit using 33 dbw 2 0 kw for experiments entailing using the moon as a passive radio reflector known as earth moon earth communication eme band plans and frequency allocations edit main article amateur radio frequency allocations the international telecommunication union itu governs the allocation of communications frequencies worldwide with participation of each nation s communications regulation authority national communications regulators have some liberty to restrict access to these band plan frequencies or to award additional allocations as long as radio services in other countries do not suffer interference in some countries specific emission types are restricted to certain parts of the radio spectrum and in most other countries international amateur radio union iaru member societies adopt voluntary plans to ensure the most effective use of spectrum in a few cases a national telecommunication agency may also allow hams to use frequencies outside of the internationally allocated amateur radio bands in trinidad and tobago hams are allowed to use a repeater which is located on 148 800 mhz this repeater is used and maintained by the national emergency management agency nema but may be used by radio amateurs in times of emergency or during normal times to test their capability and conduct emergency drills this repeater can also be used by non ham nema staff and react members in australia and new zealand ham operators are authorized to use one of the uhf tv channels in the u s amateur radio operators providing essential communication needs in connection with the immediate safety of human life and immediate protection of property when normal communication systems are not available may use any frequency including those of other radio services such as police and fire and in cases of disaster in alaska may use the statewide emergency frequency of 5 1675 mhz with restrictions upon emissions 70 similarly amateurs in the united states may apply to be registered with the military auxiliary radio system mars once approved and trained these amateurs also operate on us government military frequencies to provide contingency communications and morale message traffic support to the military services v t e international amateur radio frequency allocations t1 range band itu region 1 itu region 2 itu region 3 lf 2200 m 135 7 137 8 khz mf 630 m 472 479 khz 160 m 1 810 1 850 mhz 1 800 2 000 mhz hf 80 75 m 3 500 3 800 mhz 3 500 4 000 mhz 3 500 3 900 mhz 60 m 5 3515 5 3665 mhz 40 m 7 000 7 200 mhz 7 000 7 300 mhz 7 000 7 200 mhz 30 m t2 10 100 10 150 mhz 20 m 14 000 14 350 mhz 17 m t2 18 068 18 168 mhz 15 m 21 000 21 450 mhz 12 m t2 24 890 24 990 mhz 10 m 28 000 29 700 mhz vhf 8 m t3 40 000 40 700 mhz n a 6 m 50 000 52 000 mhz 50 000 54 000 mhz t4 50 000 54 000 mhz 5 m t3 58 000 60 100 mhz n a 4 m t3 70 000 70 500 mhz n a 2 m 144 000 146 000 mhz 144 000 148 000 mhz 1 25 m n a 220 000 225 000 mhz n a uhf 70 cm 430 000 440 000 mhz 430 000 440 000 mhz 420 000 450 000 mhz t4 33 cm n a 902 000 928 000 mhz n a 23 cm 1 240 1 300 ghz 13 cm 2 300 2 450 ghz shf 9 cm 3 400 3 475 ghz t4 3 300 3 500 ghz 5 cm 5 650 5 850 ghz 5 650 5 925 ghz 5 650 5 850 ghz 3 cm 10 000 10 500 ghz 1 2 cm 24 000 24 250 ghz ehf 6 mm 47 000 47 200 ghz 4 mm t4 75 500 ghz t3 81 500 ghz 76 000 81 500 ghz 2 5 mm 122 250 123 000 ghz 2 mm 134 000 141 000 ghz 1 mm 241 000 250 000 ghz thf sub mm some administrations have authorized spectrum for amateur use in this region others have declined to regulate frequencies above 300 ghz t1 all allocations are subject to variation by country for simplicity only common allocations found internationally are listed see a band s article for specifics t2 hf allocation created at the 1979 world administrative radio conference these are commonly called the warc bands t3 this is not mentioned in the itu s table of frequency allocations but many individual administrations have commonly adopted this allocation under article 4 4 t4 this includes a currently active footnote allocation mentioned in the itu s table of frequency allocations these allocations may only apply to a group of countries see also radio spectrum electromagnetic spectrum modes of communication edit see also list of amateur radio modes amateurs use a variety of voice text image and data communication modes over radio generally new modes can be tested in the amateur radio service although national regulations may require disclosure of a new mode to permit radio licensing authorities to monitor the transmissions encryption for example is not generally permitted in the amateur radio service except for the special purpose of satellite vehicle control uplinks 71 the following is a partial list of the modes of communication used where the mode includes both modulation types and operating protocols voice edit amplitude modulation am amplitude modulation equivalent ame double sideband suppressed carrier dsb sc frequency modulation fm independent sideband isb single sideband ssb phase modulation pm image edit amateur television atv also known as fast scan television 72 radiofax slow scan television sstv 73 text and data edit in former times most amateur digital modes were transmitted by inserting audio into the microphone input of a radio and using an analog scheme such as amplitude modulation am frequency modulation fm or single sideband modulation ssb beginning in 2017 increased use of several digital modes particularly ft8 became popular within the amateur radio community 74 text modes continuous wave cw usually used for morse code automatic link establishment ale amateur teleprinting over radio amtor 75 pactor 76 77 radioteletype rtty hellschreiber a k a feld hell or hell digital modes clover 78 d star 79 digital mobile radio dmr 80 fusion yaesu proprietary mode 81 g tor 82 discrete multi tone modulation modes such as multi tone 63 mt63 83 multiple frequency shift keying mfsk 84 modes js8call olivia mfsk 85 86 wsjt 87 software modes fsk441 jt6m jt65 jt9 ft8 ft4 wspr nxdn open public safety standard used in amateur radio packet radio 88 ax 25 automatic packet reporting system aprs 89 phase shift keying 31 baud bpsk binary phase shift keying psk31 90 31 baud qpsk quadrature phase shift keying qpsk31 63 baud bpsk binary phase shift keying psk63 63 baud qpsk quadrature phase shift keying qpsk63 modes by activity edit the following modes use no one specific modulation scheme but rather are classified by the activity of the communication allstarlink allstar asl 91 earth moon earth eme echolink 92 internet radio linking project irlp 93 low transmit power qrp 94 satellite oscar orbiting satellite carrying amateur radio 95 footnotes edit hong kong ofta description of radio amateur privileges radio amateurs are free to choose any radio equipment designed for the amateur service radio amateurs may also design and build their own equipment provided that the requirements and limitations specified in the amateur station licence and schedules thereto are complied with 63 fcc expectations of radio amateurs they design construct modify and repair their own stations the fcc equipment authorization program does not generally apply to amateur station transmitters 64 see also edit amateur radio portal electronics portal telecommunications portal radio portal 4 meter band 70 mhz 70 5 mhz 2 meter band 144 mhz 148 mhz 70 centimeter band 430 mhz 450 mhz amateur radio operating award hamfest international amateur radio union isotron list of amateur radio magazines list of amateur radio organizations list of amateur radio software maritime mobile amateur radio nec 2 antenna modeling parks on the air piracy in amateur and two way radio prosigns for morse code summits on the air worked all continents worked all zones references edit notes edit the federal communications commission fcc officially ended the morse code proficiency test for all amateur radio license classes on february 23 2007 the transition occurred in several stages over the preceding decades 1991 the fcc first introduced a no code technician class license though code proficiency was still required to access frequencies below 30 mhz 2000 the requirement for higher level licenses general and amateur extra was standardized and reduced to a single speed of 5 words per minute wpm 2003 the international telecommunication union itu modified international regulations leaving it to individual countries to decide if morse code should remain a requirement december 15 2006 the fcc released the official report and order announcing the total elimination of the morse code exam february 23 2007 the new rules became effective allowing applicants to earn any class of license by passing only the written theory examinations citations edit 1 2 3 4 silver h ward 2021 ham radio for dummies 4th ed hoboken nj wiley isbn 978 1 119 69576 9 oclc 1245417767 general regulations annexed to the international radiotelegraph convention pdf international radiotelegraph convention of washington 1927 london uk his majesty s stationery office 1928 pp 29 172 archived from the original pdf on 28 july 2017 retrieved 4 june 2017 sumner david august 2011 how many hams qst american radio relay league p 9 gernsback h may 1909 first annual official wireless blue book of the wireless association of america pdf new york modern electrics publication archived pdf from the original on 6 july 2010 retrieved 19 june 2009 brown patrick r j 5 7 june 1996 the influence of amateur radio on the development of the commercial market for quartz piezoelectric resonators in the united states proceedings of 1996 ieee international frequency control symposium 1996 ieee international frequency control symposium honolulu hi institute of electrical and electronics engineers ieee published 1996 pp 58 65 doi 10 1109 freq 1996 559819 isbn 0 7803 3309 8 archived from the original on 13 january 2013 retrieved 22 december 2008 inventor of ic chip nobel prize winner jack s kilby credits amateur radio for his start in electronics 20 june 2005 archived from the original on 5 november 2012 retrieved 22 november 2012 via nobelprize org rahman bazlur 19 july 2004 role of amateur radio in development communication of bangladesh pdf information communication technology for development ict4d report bangladesh ngos network for radio communication bnnrc blacksburg va virginia tech archived from the original pdf on 18 may 2015 retrieved 11 may 2015 via cimap vt edu taylor jim 29 december 2004 amateur radio saved lives in south asia canadian amateur radio bulletin radio amateurs of canada archived from the original on 6 march 2012 retrieved 22 november 2012 via hfradio net what is ham radio american radio relay league archived from the original on 4 may 2010 retrieved 1 june 2010 weaver bruce d january 2003 on the air learning teaching pre k 8 33 4 50 51 issn 0891 4508 ham fisted qst magazine arrl august 1972 p 83 brady jasper ewing 1899 tales of the telegraph doubleday mcclure oclc 3421513 ham radio history american radio relay league archived from the original on 10 may 2015 retrieved 17 april 2015 hall l c january 1902 telegraph talk and talkers the slang of the wire mcclure s magazine vol 18 no 3 p 231 warner kenneth b ed january 1920 qst subscription contest qst magazine vol 3 no 6 american radio relay league pp 32 33 haag jerry principles of amateur radio net control scc area races org archived from the original on 7 may 2006 retrieved 10 january 2007 kinsner witold 2014 enhanced crowdsourcing for disasters through ham radio operators 2014 ieee canada international humanitarian technology conference ihtc montreal ieee pp 1 6 doi 10 1109 ihtc 2014 7147544 isbn 978 1 4799 3996 1 s2cid 20132820 edwards lynn ellen 1994 the utilization of amateur radio in disaster communications working paper vol 86 university of colorado boulder natural hazards research and applications information center diane publishing isbn 0 7881 1097 7 radio blackout ham radio as an operational and scientific instrument eos 16 february 2015 retrieved 10 january 2025 radio amateurs other spectrum topics cept org ecc topics 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