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states 5 2 coverage in japan 5 3 coverage elsewhere 6 aftermath toggle aftermath subsection 6 1 niʻihau incident 6 2 strategic implications 6 3 debate on the failure of american intelligence 7 see also 8 references toggle references subsection 8 1 notes 8 2 citations 8 3 bibliography 8 3 1 books 8 3 2 us government documents 8 3 3 journal articles 8 3 4 magazine articles 8 3 5 online sources 8 4 further reading 9 external links toggle external links subsection 9 1 archival documents 9 2 accounts 9 3 media 9 4 historical documents toggle the table of contents attack on pearl harbor 84 languages afrikaans العربية مصرى asturianu azərbaycanca تۆرکجه bikol central беларуская български বাংলা brezhoneg català ꮳꮃꭹ کوردی čeština cymraeg dansk deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français frysk gaeilge galego avañe ẽ עברית हिन्दी hrvatski magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia ido íslenska italiano 日本語 jawa ქართული 한국어 kurdî lëtzebuergesch lingua franca nova lietuvių latviešu македонски മലയാളം मराठी bahasa melayu नेपाली nederlands norsk bokmål occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ polski پنجابی پښتو português română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina سرائیکی slovenščina soomaaliga shqip српски srpski svenska தமிழ் ไทย tagalog türkçe українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt 吴语 მარგალური 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 21 21 54 n 157 57 00 w 21 365 n 157 950 w 21 365 157 950 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from bombing of pearl harbor 1941 japanese attack on the us december 7 1941 redirects here for the date see december 1941 december 7 1941 sunday attack on pearl harbor part of the asiatic pacific theater of world war ii photograph of battleship row taken from a japanese plane at the beginning of the attack the explosion in the center is a torpedo strike on uss west virginia two attacking japanese planes can be seen one over uss neosho and one over the naval yard date december 7 1941 1941 12 07 location oahu territory of hawaii united states 21 21 54 n 157 57 00 w 21 365 n 157 950 w 21 365 157 950 result japanese victory belligerents united states japan commanders and leaders husband e kimmel walter short isoroku yamamoto chūichi nagumo units involved us pacific fleet 1st air fleet strength 8 battleships 8 cruisers 30 destroyers 4 submarines 73 other ships 1 nb 1 390 aircraft 6 aircraft carriers 2 battleships 2 heavy cruisers 1 light cruiser 9 destroyers 8 tankers 23 fleet submarines 5 midget submarines 414 aircraft 353 took part in the raid casualties and losses 4 battleships sunk 4 battleships damaged 1 ex battleship sunk 1 harbor tug sunk 3 light cruisers damaged nb 2 3 destroyers damaged 3 other ships damaged 188 aircraft destroyed 159 aircraft damaged 2 008 sailors killed 109 marines killed 218 soldiers killed 5 2 403 total military and civilians killed 6 5 1 178 military and civilians wounded 5 4 midget submarines sunk 1 midget submarine grounded 29 aircraft destroyed 74 aircraft damaged 129 killed 7 8 1 sailor captured 9 civilian casualties 68 killed 10 11 35 wounded 12 3 aircraft shot down location within hawaii show map of hawaii attack on pearl harbor pacific ocean show map of pacific ocean v t e hawaiian islands campaign pearl harbor niʻihau 1st midway johnston and palmyra 2nd midway operation k 3rd midway v t e japanese offensives 1940 1942 1940 manchukuo chongqing south guangxi baotou west suiyuan zaoyang yichang french indochina ningbo central hubei north china 1941 panjiayu south henan western hubei shanggao south shanxi 2nd changsha malaya pearl harbor thailand hong kong philippines guam wake sand island niʻihau gilbert islands indian ocean borneo dutch east indies burma 3rd changsha 1942 nanshitou timor new guinea qantas short empire shootdown singapore darwin ellwood broome knilm douglas dc 3 shootdown operation k andaman and nicobar christmas island ceylon solomons tulagi coral sea nauru and ocean islands zhejiang jiangxi madagascar aleutian islands midway sydney newcastle fort stevens dureenbee mount emily v t e pacific war east asia china japan volcano and ryukyu manchuria southeast asia french indochina thailand indian ocean malaya burma philippines 1941 1942 dutch east indies philippines 1944 1945 borneo pacific ocean hawaiian islands wake island midway new guinea new britain huon peninsula salamaua lae markham valley western new guinea solomon islands guadalcanal new georgia bougainville gilbert and marshall islands mariana and palau islands north america ellwood aleutian islands estevan point lighthouse fort stevens lookout air raids fire balloon bombs project hula px part of a series on the history of hawaii early history pre 1795 discovery and settlement c 1219 1266 battle of kealakekua bay 1779 hawaiian kingdom 1795 1893 kamehameha dynasty 1795 1874 unification of hawaii 1810 laplace affair 1839 paulet affair 1843 great māhele 1848 french invasion of honolulu 1849 american civil war 1861 1865 kalākaua dynasty 1874 1893 honolulu courthouse riot 1874 reciprocity treaty 1875 bayonet constitution 1887 hawaiian rebellions 1887 1895 1887 1895 overthrow 1893 provisional 1893 1894 leper war on kauaʻi 1893 black week 1893 1894 republic of hawaii 1894 1898 counter revolution 1895 annexation 1898 territory of hawaii 1898 1959 hawaiian organic act 1900 oahu sugar strike 1920 hanapēpē massacre 1924 massie trial 1932 world war ii 1939 1945 attack on pearl harbor 1941 niʻihau incident 1941 martial law 1941 1944 honouliuli internment camp 1943 1946 democratic revolution 1954 state of hawaii 1959 present hawaii admission act 1959 kalama valley protests 1971 state constitutional convention 1978 xerox murders 1999 occupation of iolani palace 2008 hawaii v office of hawaiian affairs 2009 honolulu molasses spill 2013 tmt protests 2014 now false missile alert 2018 hurricane lane 2018 covid 19 pandemic 2020 present george floyd protests 2020 red hill water crisis 2021 now hawaii wildfires 2023 topics big five legal status demographic history lgbt history nrhp listings sovereignty movement sugar plantations timeline of honolulu hawaiian renaissance portal commons v t e the empire of japan launched a surprise military attack on the us pacific fleet at its naval base at pearl harbor in oahu hawaii on december 7 1941 at the time the us was a neutral country in world war ii the air raid on pearl harbor which was launched from aircraft carriers prompted the us to declare war on japan the next day the japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the hawaii operation and operation ai nb 3 and as operation z during its planning 14 15 16 the attack on pearl harbor was preceded by months of negotiations between the us and japan over the future of the pacific japanese demands included that the us end its sanctions against japan cease aiding china in the second sino japanese war and allow japan access to the resources of the dutch east indies japan dispatched its naval attack group on november 26 1941 just before receiving the hull note which stated the us desire that japan withdraw from china and french indochina isoroku yamamoto commander of the japanese combined fleet planned the attack as a pre emptive strike on the pacific fleet which had been based at pearl harbor since 1940 in order to prevent it from interfering with japan s planned actions in southeast asia yamamoto hoped that the strike would enable japan to make rapid territorial gains and negotiate peace in addition to pearl harbor over seven hours japan launched coordinated attacks on the us held philippines guam and wake island as well as on the british empire in malaya singapore and hong kong 17 the attacking force commanded by chūichi nagumo launched its attack at 7 48 a m hawaiian time 6 18 p m gmt on december 7 1941 nb 4 the base was struck by 353 fighters level and dive bombers and torpedo bombers in two waves launched from six aircraft carriers 18 of the eight us battleships present all were damaged and four were sunk all but the uss arizona and the uss utah were later refloated and six were returned to service during the war the japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers three destroyers an anti aircraft training ship nb 5 and a minelayer more than 180 us aircraft were destroyed 20 a total of 2 403 americans were killed and 1 178 others were wounded japanese losses totaled 29 aircraft five midget submarines and 130 personnel the three us carriers assigned to pearl harbor were at sea at the time and important base installations including its oil storage and naval repair facilities were not attacked japan declared war on the us and the british empire later that day december 8 in tokyo but the declarations were not delivered until the next day on december 8 both the united kingdom and the us declared war on japan on december 11 though they had no formal obligation to do so under the tripartite pact with japan germany and italy each declared war on the united states which responded by declaring war on germany and italy while there were historical precedents for unannounced military action by japan the lack of a formal warning and perception that the attack had been unprovoked led us president franklin d roosevelt to famously label december 7 1941 a date which will live in infamy the attack remains the deadliest non pathological disaster to ever happen in hawaii 21 and for nearly 60 years was the deadliest foreign attack on the us until the september 11 attacks in 2001 22 background main article prelude to the attack on pearl harbor diplomacy pearl harbor on october 30 1941 a month before the attack with ford island visible in the center war between the empire of japan and the united states was seen as a possibility since the 1920s japan had been wary of american territorial and military expansion in the pacific and asia since the late 1890s followed by the annexation of islands such as hawaii and the philippines which were close to or within japan s perceived sphere of influence 23 page needed 24 page needed 25 26 at the same time japanese strategic thinkers believed that japan needed economic self sufficiency in order to wage modern war the experiences of world war i had taught the japanese that modern wars would be protracted require total mobilization and create vulnerabilities for trade embargoes and encirclement as a consequence japan needed access to strategically important resources e g iron oil that could not be extracted at sufficient levels in the home islands 27 28 although japan had begun to take a hostile stance against the united states after the rejection of the racial equality proposal 29 their relationship was cordial enough to remain trading partners 30 31 tensions did not seriously grow until japan s invasion of manchuria in 1931 over the next decade japan expanded into china leading to the second sino japanese war in 1937 japan spent considerable effort trying to isolate china and endeavored to secure enough independent resources to attain victory on the mainland the southern operation was designed to assist these efforts 24 page needed 32 page needed nevertheless japan would still rely heavily on us oil imports including to japanese forces in japan occupied manchuria 33 in a memorandum dated october 24 1934 chief of the division of far eastern affairs stanley k hornbeck discussed his meeting with standard oil new jersey head walter c teagle to us president franklin d roosevelt the memo described teagle as uncooperative with us recommendations and said that standard oil was given special treatment by the japanese government which made the company less subject to japan s national business regulation policies than other companies 33 hornbeck noted in the memorandum that as a result of teagle s business dealings with japan the major portion of the petroleum and petroleum products now imported into japan is of american origin 33 starting in december 1937 events such as the japanese attack on uss panay the allison incident and the rape of nanjing swung western public opinion sharply against japan the united states unsuccessfully proposed a joint action with the united kingdom to blockade japan 34 in 1938 following an appeal by president roosevelt american companies stopped providing japan with implements of war 35 in 1940 japan invaded french indochina attempting to stymie the flow of supplies reaching china the united states halted shipments of airplanes parts machine tools and aviation gasoline to japan which japan perceived as an unfriendly act nb 6 the united states did not stop oil exports however partly because of the prevailing sentiment in washington that given japanese dependence on american oil such an action was likely to be considered an extreme provocation 23 page needed 37 in mid 1940 president franklin d roosevelt moved the pacific fleet from san diego to hawaii 38 he also ordered a military buildup in the philippines taking both actions in the hope of discouraging japanese aggression in the far east because the japanese high command was mistakenly certain any attack on the united kingdom s southeast asian colonies including singapore 39 would bring the united states into the war a devastating preventive strike appeared to be the only way to prevent american naval interference 40 page needed an invasion of the philippines was also considered necessary by japanese war planners the american war plan orange had envisioned defending the philippines with an elite force of 40 000 men this option was never implemented due to opposition from douglas macarthur who felt he would need a force ten times that size citation needed by 1941 american planners expected to have to abandon the philippines at the outbreak of war late that year admiral thomas c hart commander of the united states asiatic fleet was given orders to that effect 41 the united states finally ceased oil exports to japan in july 1941 following the seizure of french indochina 42 after the fall of france in part because of new american restrictions on domestic oil consumption 43 because of this decision japan proceeded with plans to take the oil rich dutch east indies nb 7 on august 17 roosevelt warned japan that america was prepared to take opposing steps if neighboring countries were attacked 45 political map of the asia pacific region 1939 japan and the united states engaged in negotiations during 1941 attempting to improve relations in the course of these negotiations japan offered to withdraw from most of china and indochina after making peace with the nationalist government it also proposed to adopt an independent interpretation of the tr...
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