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ding to stallman the only thing in the software field that is worse than an unauthorised copy of a proprietary program is an authorised copy of the proprietary program because this does the same harm to its whole community of users and in addition usually the developer the perpetrator of this evil profits from it 10 building awareness edit some supporters of the free software movement take up public speaking or host a stall at software related conferences to raise awareness of software freedom this is seen as important since people who receive free software but who are not aware that it is free software will later accept a non free replacement or will add software that is not free software 11 free software movement edit the free software community is an informal term referring to users and developers of free software as well as supporters of the free software movement the movement sometimes refers to the open source software community or a subset thereof the linux community is a subset of the free software community the free software communities are characterized by the values practices and principles that differ from other models of development and collaboration organisations edit main article list of free and open source software organizations asia edit free software movement of india international centre for free and open source software icfoss africa edit free software and open source foundation for africa north america edit free software foundation software freedom law center south america edit free software foundation latin america software livre brasil europe edit free software foundation europe framasoft australia edit free software australia legislation and government edit a lot of lobbying work has been done against software patents and expansions of copyright law other lobbying focuses directly on the use of free software by government agencies and government funded projects asia edit china edit in june 1997 the society for study application and development of free software was established under the china software industry association in beijing through this organization the website freesoft cei gov cn was developed though the website is currently inaccessible on ip addresses located in the united states the use of open source software linux in china has moved beyond government and educational institutions and has extended to other organizations such as financial institutions telecommunications and public security several chinese researchers and scholars have claimed that the existence of foss in china has been important in challenging the presence of microsoft which guangnan ni a member of the chinese academy of engineering stated the monopoly of microsoft windows is even more powerful in china than other places in the world 12 yi zhou a professor of mathematics at fudan university has also alleged that government procurement of floss for a number of years in china has compelled microsoft to cut its prices of office software substantially 12 india edit government of india had issued policy on adoption of open source software for government of india in 2015 to drive uptake within the government with the vision to transform india as a software product nation national policy on software products 2019 was approved by the government 13 pakistan edit free and open source software foss is set up by clarification needed union of information technology for the case of pakistan pakistan software export board pseb aids in the creation and advocate of foss usage in various government departments in addition to curbing illegality of copying that is software piracy promotion of adoption of foss is essential however it comes with problems of proprietary anti competition software practices including indulging in bribing and corruption by government departments pakistan works on the introduction of usage of open type basis of source solutions in the curricula in schools and colleges this is because of foss uniqueness in terms of political democratic and social varieties of aspect regarding information communication and technology 14 north america edit united states edit in the united states there have been efforts to pass legislation at the state level encouraging the use of free software by state government agencies 15 on january 11 2022 two bills were shown on the new hampshire legislating floor the first bill called hb 1273 was introduced by democratic new hampshire representative eric gallager the bill prioritized replacing proprietary software used by state agencies with free software gallager stated that to an extent the proposed legislation will help distinguish free software and open source software this will also put these two into state regulation the second bill called hb 1581 was proposed by grafton republican representative lex berezhny the bill would ve restored a requisite forcing state agencies to use proprietary software and as lex put it when it is the most effective solution he also said that requisite was happening between 2012 and 2018 according to the concord monitor the state of new hampshire had an already thriving open source software community with a view of live free or die but they had difficulty getting that notion with the state 16 south america edit peru edit congressmen edgar david villanueva and jacques rodrich ackerman have been instrumental in introducing free software in peru with bill 1609 on free software in public administration 17 the incident invited the attention of microsoft peru whose general manager wrote a letter to villanueva his response received worldwide attention and is seen as a classic piece of argumentation favouring use of free software in governments 18 uruguay edit uruguay has a sanctioned law requiring that the state give priority to free software it also requires that information be exchanged in open formats 19 venezuela edit the government of venezuela implemented a free software law in january 2006 decree no 3 390 mandated all government agencies to migrate to free software over a two year period 20 europe edit publiccode eu is a campaign launched demanding a legislation requiring that publicly financed software developed for the public sector be made publicly available under a free and open source software licence if it is public money it should be public code as well 21 france edit the french gendarmerie and the french national assembly utilize the open source operating system linux 22 united kingdom edit gov uk keeps a list of key components tools and services that have gone into the construction of gov uk 23 events edit main article list of free software events free software events happening all around the world connects people to increase visibility for free software projects and foster collaborations economics edit the free software movement has been extensively analyzed using economic methodologies including perspectives from heterodox economics of particular interest to economists who is the willingness of programmers in the free software movement to work often producing higher quality than proprietary programmers without financial compensation studies comparing defect density in floss projects and proprietary projects shows that in all code size ranges open source code was of higher quality 24 in his 1998 article the high tech gift economy richard barbrook suggested that the then nascent free software movement represented a return to the gift economy building on hobbyism and the absence of economic scarcity on the internet 25 gabriella coleman has emphasized the importance of accreditation respect and honour within the free software community as a form of compensation for contributions to projects over and against financial motivations 26 the swedish marxian economist johan söderberg has argued that the free software movement represents a complete alternative to capitalism that may be expanded to create a post work society he argues that the combination of a manipulation of intellectual property law and private property to make goods available to the public and a thorough blend between labor and fun make the free software movement a communist economy 27 subgroups and schisms edit since its inception there is an ongoing contention between the many floss organizations fsf osi debian mozilla foundation apache foundation etc within the free software movement with the main conflicts centered around the organization s needs for compromise and pragmatism rather than adhering to founding values and philosophies 28 open source edit main article open source software movement the open source initiative osi was founded in february 1998 by eric raymond and bruce perens to promote the term open source software as an alternative term for free software the osi aimed to address the perceived shortcomings and ambiguity of the term free software as well as shifting the focus of free software from a social and ethical issue to instead emphasize open source as a superior model for software development 29 30 31 32 the latter became the view of eric raymond and linus torvalds while bruce perens argued that open source was meant to popularize free software under a new brand and called for a return to basic ethical principles 33 some free software advocates use the terms free and open source software foss or free libre and open source software floss as a form of inclusive compromise which brings free and open source software advocates together to work on projects cohesively some users believe this is an ideal solution in order to promote both the user s freedom with the software and the pragmatic efficiency of an open source development model this view is reinforced by fact that majority of osi approved licenses and self avowed open source programs are also compatible with the free software formalisms and vice versa 34 while free and open source software are often linked together they offer two separate ideas and values richard stallman has referred to open source as a non movement as it does not campaign for anything 35 open source addresses software being open as a practical question rather than an ethical dilemma non free software is not the best solution but nonetheless a solution the free software movement views free software as a moral imperative that proprietary software should be rejected and that only free software should be developed and taught in order to make computing technology beneficial to the general public 36 although the movements have differing values and goals collaborations between the free software movement and open source initiative have taken place when it comes to practical projects 37 by 2005 richard glass considered the differences to be a serious fracture but vitally important to those on both sides of the fracture and of little importance to anyone else studying the movement from a software engineering perspective since they have had little effect on the field 38 criticism and controversy edit principle compromises edit eric raymond criticises the speed at which the free software movement is progressing suggesting that temporary compromises should be made for long term gains raymond argues that this could raise awareness of the software and thus increase the free software movement s influence on relevant standards and legislation 39 richard stallman on the other hand sees the current level of compromise as a greater cause for worry 28 5 40 programmer income edit main article business models for open source software stallman said that this is where people get the misconception of free there is no wrong in programmers requesting payment for a proposed project or charging for copies of free software 41 restricting and controlling the user s decisions on use is the actual violation of freedom stallman defends that in some cases monetary incentive is not necessary for motivation since the pleasure in expressing creativity is a reward in itself 6 conversely stallman admits that it is not easy to raise money for free software projects 42 viral copyleft licensing edit the free software movement champions copyleft licensing schema often pejoratively called viral licenses in its strongest form copyleft mandates that any works derived from copyleft licensed software must also carry a copyleft license so the license spreads from work to work like a computer virus might spread from machine to machine stallman has previously stated his opposition to describing the gnu gpl as viral these licensing terms can only be enforced through asserting copyrights 43 critics of copyleft licensing challenge the idea that restricting modifications is in line with the free software movement s emphasis on various freedoms especially when alternatives like mit bsd and apache licenses are more permissive 44 45 proponents enjoy the assurance that copylefted work cannot usually be incorporated into non free software projects 46 they emphasize that copyleft licenses may not attach for all uses and that in any case developers can simply choose not to use copyleft licensed software 47 48 license proliferation and compatibility edit main article comparison of free and open source software licenses floss license proliferation is a serious concern in the floss domain due to increased complexity of license compatibility considerations which limits and complicates source code reuse between floss projects 49 the osi and the fsf maintain their own lists of dozens of existing and acceptable floss licenses 50 there is an agreement among most that the creation of new licenses should be minimized and those created should be made compatible with the major existing floss licenses therefore there was a strong controversy around the update of the gnu gplv2 to the gnu gplv3 in 2007 51 52 as the updated license is not compatible with the previous version 53 54 55 several projects mostly of the open source faction 52 like the linux kernel 56 57 decided to not adopt the gplv3 while almost all of the gnu project s packages adopted it see also edit free and open source software portal gnu manifesto history of free software linux adoption open source movement free culture movement free software foundation open source initiative software freedom conservancy free software movement of india free software foundation of india free software foundation europe free software movement karnataka free software foundation tamil nadu swecha gift economy references edit what is free software gnu org archived from the original on 2013 10 14 retrieved 2020 03 18 richard stallman on the nature of the free software movement archived 2017 05 13 at the wayback machine in 2008 on emacs devel mailing list corrado edward m moualison sandy heather mitchell erik t 2018 07 03 nullis in verba the free software movement as a model for openness and transparency technical services quarterly 35 3 269 279 doi 10 1080 07317131 2018 1456849 issn 0731 7131 s2cid 196159979 archived from the original on 2023 07 10 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