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eaning moon sometimes called lunik by western media 1 was a series of robotic spacecraft missions sent to the moon by the soviet union between 1959 and 1976 the programme accomplished many firsts in space exploration including first flyby of the moon first impact of the moon and first photos of the far side of the moon each mission was designed as either an orbiter or lander they also performed many experiments studying the moon s chemical composition gravity temperature and radiation twenty four spacecraft were formally given the luna designation although more were launched those that failed to reach orbit were not publicly acknowledged at the time and not assigned a luna number these that failed in low earth orbit were usually given cosmos designations 2 the estimated cost of the luna programme in 1964 was us 6 10 billion 3 equivalent to us 46 77 billion in 2024 4 the luna 25 mission also continues the luna designation although it is considered to be a part of the luna glob exploration programme 5 the same applies to other planned missions such as luna 26 luna 27 and luna 28 mission types edit the name luna was used to designate a variety of spacecraft designs to achieve several types of missions flyby lunar orbiter soft lander and sample return spacecraft notable achievements include the first moon flyby luna 1 the first impact luna 2 the first photos of the far side luna 3 the first soft landing luna 9 and the first robotic sample return luna 16 6 impactors edit main article lander spacecraft impactors luna 1 impactor impactor spacecraft had the generic designation of ye 1 or e 1 depending on transliteration from russian and were designed to hit the near side of the moon 7 8 luna 1 january 1959 missed its intended impact with the moon and became the first spacecraft to escape the earth moon system 9 luna 2 september 1959 mission successfully hit the moon s surface becoming the first man made object to reach the moon 10 this was luna s only impact success out of six tries from september 1958 to september 1959 flybys edit luna 3 flyby spacecraft model a flyby is the simplest lunar spacecraft requiring neither a propulsion device for slowing nor a guidance system sensitive enough to hit the moon flyby spacecraft had the generic designations of ye 2 and ye 3 e 2 and e 3 depending on transliteration from russian 11 12 their function was to transmit photographs back to earth luna 3 october 1959 rounded the moon later that year and returned the first photographs of its far side which can never be seen from earth 10 this was luna s only successful flyby out of three tries from october 1959 to april 1960 soft landers edit main article soft landing aeronautics luna 9 lander model soft landers require rocket propulsion to slow their speed sufficiently to prevent the craft s destruction they can continue to transmit pictures from the surface and possibly dig into the lunar soil or return other information about the lunar environment luna program landers had the generic designations of ye 6 or ye 6m e 6 or e 6m depending on transliteration from russian 13 14 two successful soft landings were achieved out of thirteen attempts from january 1963 to december 1966 13 14 luna 9 e 6 no 13 became the first probe to achieve a soft landing on another planetary body in february 1966 it transmitted five black and white stereoscopic circular panoramas which were the first close up shots of the lunar surface 9 orbiters edit luna 10 orbiter model orbiter spacecraft require less thrust and propellant than landers but still require enough to achieve lunar orbit insertion luna 10 march 1966 became the first artificial satellite of the moon 10 luna program orbiters had the generic designations of ye 6lf ye 6ls ye 6s or ye 8ls e 6 e 6ls e 6s or e 8ls depending on transliteration from russian 15 16 17 18 luna flew six successful orbiters out of eight attempts from march 1966 to may 1974 15 16 17 18 rovers edit main article lunokhod programme luna 17 lander with lunokhod 1 rover payload more sophisticated soft lander craft can deploy wheeled vehicles to explore a wider area of the lunar surface than the immediate landing site luna program landers with rovers had the generic designations of ye 8 e 8 depending on transliteration from russian 19 the first attempted lunokhod failed in february 1969 luna 17 november 1970 and luna 21 january 1973 carried lunokhod vehicles which were the first robotic wheeled vehicles to explore the moon s terrain 10 lunokhod 1 travelled 10 5 kilometres 6 5 mi in 322 days and returned more than 20 000 television images and 206 high resolution panoramas 20 lunokhod 2 operated for about four months and covered 42 kilometres 26 mi of terrain 21 a third lunokhod was built and intended for launch in 1977 but never flew due to lack of launchers and funding 22 sample return edit main article sample return mission luna 16 sample return lander model more complex soft lander craft can robotically scoop up a small amount of lunar material lift off from the surface and return the material to earth luna program sample return landers had the generic designations of ye 8 5 or ye 8 5m e 8 5 or e 8 5m depending on transliteration from russian 23 24 luna 16 september 1970 luna 20 february 1972 and luna 24 august 1976 returned samples of lunar soil to earth 10 23 24 a total of 301 g 10 6 oz of soil sample was returned from the three missions luna 15 july 1969 flew at the same time as the apollo 11 mission neil armstrong and buzz aldrin had already performed the first crewed lunar landing when luna 15 began its descent and the spacecraft crashed into a mountain minutes later mission success rates edit while the program was active it was soviet practice not to release any details of missions that had failed to achieve orbit this resulted in western observers assigning their own designations to the missions for example luna e 1 no 1 the first failure of 1958 which nasa believed was associated with the luna programme was known as luna 1958a 25 luna competing united states programmes type first attempt attempts first success successes rate first attempt attempts first success successes rate impactor 23 sep 1958 6 luna 2 sep 13 1959 1 16 7 ranger 1 23 aug 1961 9 ranger 7 31 july 1964 3 33 3 26 flyby luna 3 6 oct 1959 3 luna 3 1 33 3 pioneer 3 6 dec 1958 2 pioneer 4 6 mar 1959 1 50 0 soft lander 4 jan 1963 13 luna 9 3 feb 1966 2 15 4 surveyor 1 2 jun 1966 7 surveyor 1 5 71 4 orbiter 1 mar 1966 8 luna 10 3 apr 1966 6 75 0 pioneer 0 17 aug 1958 12 lunar orbiter 1 18 aug 1966 5 41 7 rover 19 feb 1969 3 luna 17 17 nov 1970 2 66 7 apollo 15 31 july 1971 3 apollo 15 3 100 0 sample return 14 jun 1969 11 luna 16 24 sep 1970 3 27 3 apollo 11 24 jul 1969 7 apollo 11 6 85 7 total 44 15 34 1 total 40 24 60 0 mission details edit public name internal name photo mission launch date carrier rocket outcome remarks n a e 1 no 1 impactor 23 september 1958 luna launch failure failed to orbit n a e 1 no 2 impactor 11 october 1958 luna launch failure failed to orbit n a e 1 no 3 impactor 4 december 1958 luna launch failure failed to orbit luna 1 e 1 no 4 impactor 2 january 1959 luna partial launch failure also known as mechta placed onto incorrect trajectory flew past the moon without impacting first spacecraft to escape geocentric orbit n a e 1a no 1 impactor 18 june 1959 luna launch failure failed to orbit luna 2 e 1a no 2 impactor 12 september 1959 luna successful impacted palus putredinis 29 10 n 0 00 e on the moon on 14 september 1959 at 07 30 gmt first man made object to reach the moon luna 3 e 2a no 1 flyby 4 october 1959 luna successful took first photographs of the far side of the moon n a e 3 no 1 flyby 15 april 1960 luna launch failure failed to orbit n a e 3 no 2 flyby 16 april 1960 luna launch failure failed to orbit n a e 6 no 2 lander 4 january 1963 molniya l launch failure never left leo n a e 6 no 3 lander 3 february 1963 molniya l launch failure failed to orbit luna 4 e 6 no 4 lander 2 april 1963 molniya l spacecraft failure failed to perform course correction manoeuvre flew past the moon n a e 6 no 6 lander 21 march 1964 molniya m launch failure failed to orbit n a e 6 no 5 lander 20 april 1964 molniya m launch failure failed to orbit kosmos 60 e 6 no 9 lander 12 march 1965 molniya l launch failure never left leo decayed five days later n a e 6 no 8 lander 10 april 1965 molniya l launch failure failed to orbit luna 5 e 6 no 10 lander 9 may 1965 molniya m spacecraft failure failed to decelerate impacted mare nubium luna 6 e 6 no 7 lander 8 june 1965 molniya m spacecraft failure failed to perform course correction manoeuvre flew past the moon luna 7 e 6 no 11 lander 4 october 1965 molniya spacecraft failure attitude control failure impacted oceanus procellarum luna 8 e 6 no 12 lander 3 december 1965 molniya spacecraft failure attitude control failure impacted oceanus procellarum luna 9 e 6 no 13 lander 31 january 1966 molniya m successful landed in oceanus procellarum 7 08 n 295 63 e 18 44 52 gmt on 3 february 1966 first soft landing on the moon kosmos 111 e 6s no 204 orbiter 1 march 1966 molniya m launch failure never left leo decayed two days later luna 10 e 6s no 206 orbiter 31 march 1966 molniya m successful luna 11 e 6lf no 101 orbiter 24 august 1966 molniya m successful luna 12 e 6lf no 102 orbiter 22 october 1966 molniya m successful luna 13 e 6m no 205 lander 21 december 1966 molniya m successful landed in oceanus procellarum 18 87 n 297 95 e 18 01 gmt on 24 december 1966 n a e 6ls no 112 orbiter 7 february 1968 molniya m launch failure failed to orbit luna 14 e 6ls no 113 orbiter 7 april 1968 molniya m successful n a e 8 no 201 rover 19 february 1969 proton k d launch failure first attempt to launch lunokhod failed to orbit lunokhod destroyed n a e 8 5 no 402 sample return 14 june 1969 proton k d launch failure failed to orbit luna 15 e 8 5 no 401 sample return 13 july 1969 proton k d spacecraft failure entered selenocentric orbit successfully failed during descent on 21 july 1969 impacted the moon while apollo 11 was on the surface kosmos 300 e 8 5 no 403 sample return 23 september 1969 proton k d launch failure never left leo decayed four days later kosmos 305 e 8 5 no 404 sample return 22 october 1969 proton k d launch failure never left leo decayed two days later n a e 8 5 no 405 sample return 6 february 1970 proton k d launch failure failed to orbit luna 16 e 8 5 no 406 sample return 12 september 1970 proton k d successful landed in mare fecunditatis 0 68 s 56 30 e at 05 18 gmt on 20 september 1970 sample returned to earth on 24 september 1970 luna 17 e 8 no 203 rover 10 november 1970 proton k d successful landed in mare imbrium 38 28 n 325 00 e at 03 47 gmt on 17 november 1970 deployed lunokhod 1 luna 18 e 8 5 no 407 sample return 2 september 1971 proton k d spacecraft failure entered selenocentric orbit successfully failed during descent impacted mare fecunditatis 3 57 n 50 50 e luna 19 e 8ls no 202 orbiter 28 september 1971 proton k d successful luna 20 e 8 5 no 408 sample return 14 february 1972 proton k d successful landed in mare fecunditatis 3 57 n 56 50 e at 19 19 utc on 21 february 1972 sample returned to earth on 25 february 1972 luna 21 e 8 no 204 rover 8 january 1973 proton k d successful landed in le monnier 25 85 n 30 45 e at 23 35 utc on 15 january 1973 deployed lunokhod 2 luna 22 e 8ls no 206 orbiter 29 may 1974 proton k d successful luna 23 e 8 5m no 410 sample return 28 october 1974 proton k d spacecraft failure landed in mare crisium fell over upon landing n a e 8 5m no 412 sample return 16 october 1975 proton k d launch failure failed to orbit intended to return a sample from mare crisium luna 24 e 8 5m no 413 sample return 9 august 1976 proton k d successful landed in mare crisium 12 25 n 62 20 e at 02 00 utc on 18 august 1976 sample returned to earth on 22 august 1976 see also edit solar system portal spaceflight portal luna rocket luna glob list of missions to the moon soviet crewed lunar programs soviet space program surveyor program pioneer program ranger program references edit amy shira teitel 13 april 2017 how russia beat the u s to the moon daily beast retrieved 14 march 2023 zak anatoly planetary spacecraft moon missions russianspaceweb com comparison of us and estimated soviet expenditures for space programs pdf cia august 1964 archived from the original pdf on 23 january 2017 johnston louis williamson samuel h 2023 what was the u s gdp then measuringworth retrieved 30 november 2023 united states gross domestic product deflator figures follow the measuringworth series luna glob mission lifts off www russianspaceweb com retrieved 14 september 2023 luna mission lunar and planetary institute lpi retrieved 2 december 2025 luna ye 1 gunter s space page retrieved 26 september 2023 luna ye 1a gunter s space page retrieved 26 september 2023 1 2 siddiqi asif a 2018 beyond earth a chronicle of deep space exploration 1958 2016 pdf the nasa history series second ed washington d c nasa history program office p 1 isbn 9781626830424 lccn 2017059404 sp2018 4041 1 2 3 4 5 siddiqi asif a 2018 beyond earth a chronicle of deep space exploration 1958 2016 pdf the nasa history series second ed washington d c nasa history program office p 2 isbn 9781626830424 lccn 2017059404 sp2018 4041 luna ye 2a gunter s space page retrieved 26 september 2023 luna ye 3 gunter s space page retrieved 26 september 2023 1 2 luna ye 6 gunter s space page retrieved 26 september 2023 1 2 luna ye 6m gunter s space page retrieved 26 september 2023 1 2 luna ye 6lf gunter s space page retrieved 26 september 2023 1 2 luna ye 6ls gunter s space page retrieved 26 september 2023 1 2 luna ye 6s gunter s space page retrieved 26 september 2023 1 2 luna ye 8ls luna 19 22 gunter s space page retrieved 26 september 2023 luna ye 8 luna 17 21 lunokhod 1 2 gunter s space page retrieved 26 september 2023 lunokhod 1 panoramas planetology ru retrieved 30 april 2013 wall mike 11 july 2013 nasa moon probe helps revise off planet driving record lunokhod 2 space com retrieved 12 july 2013 chaikin andy february march 2004 the other moon landings air space archived from the original on 11 may 2014 1 2 luna ye 8 5 luna 15 16 18 20 gunter s space page retrieved 26 september 2023 1 2 luna ye 8 5m luna 23 24 gunter s space page retrieved 26 september 2023 williams david r tentative ids nasa space science data coordinated archive retrieved 3 august 2010 national space science data center ranger 6 national air and space administration retrieved 19 june 2012 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to luna programme lunar and planetary department moscow university luna series ussr profile by nasa s solar system exploration encyclopædia britannica luna space probe soviet luna chronology soviet lunar images exploring the moon luna missions v t e luna programme impactors luna e 1 no 1 luna e 1 no 2 luna e 1 no 3 luna 1 luna e 1a no 1 luna 2 flyby luna 3 luna e 3 no...
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