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l passages women and men were equally expected to fulfill marital responsibilities 161 women and men could file for divorce based on this issue alone in massachusetts colony which had some of the most liberal colonial divorce laws one out of every six divorce petitions was filed on the basis of male impotence 162 puritans publicly punished drunkenness and sexual relations outside marriage 133 couples who had sex during their engagement were fined and publicly humiliated 133 men and a handful of women who engaged in homosexual behavior were seen as especially sinful with some executed 133 while death was occasionally the punishment for rape and adultery homosexuality was actually seen as a worse sin 163 passages from the old testament including lev 20 13 were thought to support the disgust for homosexuality and efforts to purge society of it new haven code stated if any man lyeth with mankinde as a man lyeth with a woman both of them have committed abomination they shall surely be put to death 164 and in 1636 the plymouth colony adopted a set of laws that included a sentence of death for sodomy and buggery 165 prominent authors such as thomas cobbert samual danforth and cotton mather wrote pieces condemning homosexuality 163 mather argued that the passage overcome the devil when he tempts you to the youthful sin of uncleanness was referring probably to the young men of sodom 166 political radicalism edit puritan political thought continued to shape political culture on both sides of the atlantic influencing both the ideology of the american revolution the development of british liberal tradition puritanism contributed to the american revolution partly through a sense that america was part of god s plan 167 but mainly through the genesis of the eighteenth century british radical whigs 168 the revolution s ideological basis was largely provided by the radical whigs specifically the commonwealthmen who had been inspired by earlier puritan writers such as algernon sidney 169 john milton james harrington and henry neville 170 robert middlekauff argues that the comparatively secularized radical whig analysis fell on fertile american ground due to the puritanism of the previous century that bequeathed a suspicion of executive authority 171 although there are scholars such as zera fink who argued that puritan political radicalism also owed a debt to classical republicanism ultimately from ancient greece 172 in england the historic alliance between nonconformists and whiggery and later the liberal party was a strong one rooted in shared support for civil and religious liberty this connection culminated by the turn of the twentieth century in what became known as the nonconformist conscience a moral and political movement that sought to apply evangelical principles to public life non conformism edit puritanism played a central role in the development of english nonconformism as many puritans rejected the church of england s hierarchical structure ceremonial practices and other perceived remnants of catholicism 173 their emphasis on individual conscience the authority of scripture and congregational autonomy led to the formation of independent religious groups outside the established church following the restoration in 1660 and the act of uniformity 1662 many puritan ministers refused to conform to the prescribed rites of the church of england and were consequently expelled from their livings in what was known as the great ejection these dissenters or nonconformists formed the basis of later british congregationalist baptist and presbyterian traditions religious toleration in new england edit quaker mary dyer led to execution on boston common 1 june 1660 by an unknown 19th century artist in new england where congregationalism was the official religion the puritans exhibited intolerance of other religious beliefs including quaker anglican and baptist theologies the puritans of the massachusetts bay colony were the most active of the new england persecutors of quakers and the persecuting spirit was shared by the plymouth colony and the colonies along the connecticut river 174 four quakers known as the boston martyrs were executed the first two of the four boston martyrs were executed by the puritans on 27 october 1659 and in memory of this 27 october is now international religious freedom day to recognise the importance of freedom of religion 175 in 1660 one of the most notable victims of the religious intolerance was the english quaker mary dyer who was hanged in boston for repeatedly defying a puritan law which banned quakers from the colony 174 the hanging of dyer on boston common marked the beginning of the end of the puritan theocracy 176 in 1661 king charles ii explicitly forbade massachusetts from executing anyone for professing quakerism 176 in 1684 england revoked the massachusetts charter and in 1686 they sent over a royal governor to enforce english laws and in 1689 they passed a broad toleration act 176 anti catholic sentiment appeared in new england with the first pilgrim and puritan settlers 177 in 1647 massachusetts passed a law which prohibited any jesuit roman catholic priests from entering territory that was under puritan jurisdiction 178 any suspected catholic who could not clear himself was to be banished from the colony a second offense carried a death penalty 179 a plaque in southwick hall at the university of massachusetts lowell commemorates royal southwick lowell s anti slavery quaker senator and manufacturer and a descendant of lawrence and cassandra southwick who were despoiled imprisoned starved whipped banished from massachusetts colony and persecuted to death in the year 1660 for being quakers 180 historiography edit second version of the puritan a late 19th century sculpture by augustus saint gaudens puritanism has attracted much scholarly attention and as a result the secondary literature on the subject is vast puritanism is considered crucial to understanding the religious political and cultural issues of early modern england in addition historians such as perry miller have regarded puritan new england as fundamental to understanding american culture and identity puritanism has also been credited with the creation of modernity itself from england s scientific revolution to the rise of democracy in the early 20th century max weber argued in the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism that calvinist self denial resulted in a protestant work ethic that nurtured the development of capitalism in europe and north america puritan authors such as john milton john bunyan anne bradstreet and edward taylor continue to be read and studied as important figures within english and american literature 181 a debate continues on the definition of puritanism 182 the english historian patrick collinson argues that there is little point in constructing elaborate statements defining what in ontological terms puritanism was and what it was not when it was not a thing definable in itself but only one half of a stressful relationship 183 puritanism was only the mirror image of anti puritanism and to a considerable extent its invention a stigma with great power to distract and distort historical memory 184 the historian john spurr writes that puritans were defined by their relationships with their surroundings especially with the church of england whenever the church of england changed spurr argues the definition of a puritan also changed 8 the analysis of mainstream puritanism in terms of the evolution from it of separatist and antinomian groups that did not flourish and others that continue to this day such as baptists and quakers can suffer in this way the national context england and wales as well as the kingdoms of scotland and ireland frames the definition of puritans but was not a self identification for those protestants who saw the progress of the thirty years war from 1620 as directly bearing on their denomination and as a continuation of the religious wars of the previous century carried on by the english civil wars the english historian christopher hill writes of the 1630s old church lands and the accusations that william laud was a crypto catholic to the heightened puritan imagination it seemed that all over europe the lamps were going out the counter reformation was winning back property for the church as well as souls and charles i and his government if not allied to the forces of the counter reformation at least appeared to have set themselves identical economic and political objectives 185 notable puritans edit oliver cromwell lord protector of the commonwealth of england scotland and ireland main article list of puritans john brockett was a founder of new haven connecticut peter bulkley was an influential puritan minister and founder of concord john bunyan was famous for 1678 book the pilgrim s progress william bradford was plymouth colony s governor anne bradstreet was the first female to have her works published in the british north american colonies oliver cromwell was an english military and political leader and eventually became lord protector of the commonwealth of england scotland and ireland he was a very religious man and was considered to be an independent puritan john endecott was the first governor of the massachusetts bay colony and an important military leader jonathan edwards evangelical preacher who sparked the first great awakening thomas hooker was a puritan minister and co founder of the connecticut colony cotton mather was a prominent puritan clergyman theologian and author in colonial america increase mather was a puritan minister and the father of cotton mather anne hutchinson was a puritan woman who was noted for speaking freely about her religious beliefs which resulted in her banishment from massachusetts bay colony john milton is regarded as among the greatest english poets author of epics like paradise lost and dramas like samson agonistes he was a staunch supporter of cromwell james noyes was an influential puritan minister teacher and founder of newbury philip nye minister was the key adviser to oliver cromwell on matters of religion and regulation of the church thomas parker was an influential puritan minister teacher and founder of newbury samuel parris was a puritan minister who gained notoriety for being the minister of salem village during the salem witch trials john winthrop is noted for his sermon a model of christian charity and as a leading figure in founding the massachusetts bay colony robert woodford was an english lawyer largely based at northampton and london his diary for the period 1637 1641 records in detail the outlook of an educated puritan see also edit christianity in the 16th century christianity in the 17th century plymouth rock restorationism work ethic citations edit spraggon 2003 p 98 cliffe 2002 p 195 miller 2008 p 296 congregationalists were theologically descended directly from the puritans of england and consequently enjoyed pride of place as one of the oldest most numerous and most significant religious groups in the colonies morris john w 2011 the historic church an orthodox view of christian history author house p 438 bremer webster 2006 spurr 1998 p 3 the a to z of the puritans scarecrow press 2008 p 250 1 2 spurr 1998 p 4 spurr 1998 p 18 arnold matthew 1870 st paul and protestantism with an essay on puratanism and the church of england london smith elder co p xii retrieved 5 may 2024 the puritans a passion for truth church history review church history review 2009 retrieved 3 may 2025 trickler c jack 2010 a layman s guide to why are there so many christian denominations author house p 146 isbn 978 1 4490 4578 4 archived from the original on 18 july 2013 retrieved 4 november 2012 via google books nuttall 1992 p 9 spurr 1998 p 7 mencken h l 1916 a book of burlesques puritanism the haunting fear that someone somewhere may be happy hagberg garry l 2018 stanley cavell on aesthetic understanding springer p 125 fitzpatrick vincent 2004 h l mencken mercer university press p 37 gay 1984 p 49 coffin 1987 coffey lim 2008 pp 3 4 craig 2008 p 36 1 2 craig 2008 p 37 craig 2008 pp 43 44 craig 2008 pp 39 40 craig 2008 p 42 neil daniel 1844 the history of the puritans or protestant noncomformists from the reformation in 1517 to the revolution in 1688 comprising an account of their principles their attempts for a farther reformation in the church their sufferings and the lives and characters of their most considerable divines vol 1 p 246 archived from the original on 4 may 2016 via google books spurr 1998 chapter 5 milton 1997 hill 1972 kelly 1992 benedetto mckim 2010 pp 521 522 lamont 1969 1 2 lee sidney ed 1897 calamy edmund 1671 1732 dictionary of national biography vol 51 london smith elder co pp 63 65 leighton 2004 p 196 fischer 1989 the puritans a sourcebook of their writings archived 16 january 2010 at the wayback machine perry miller and thomas h johnson leaving england the social background of indentured servants in the seventeenth century archived 6 january 2009 at the wayback machine the colonial williamsburg foundation bremer francis j 1995 the puritan experiment new england society from bradford to edwards carpenter 2003 p 41 osgood herbert l 7 august 1891 the political ideas of the puritans political science quarterly 6 1 1 28 doi 10 2307 2139228 jstor 2139228 1 2 axtell james 1976 the school upon a hill education and society in colonial new england mccullough david 22 may 2001 john adams new york simon schuster p 223 isbn 0 684 81363 7 1 2 bremer 2009 pp 81 82 1 2 3 fischer 1989 pp 132 134 copeland david a 2000 debating the issues in colonial newspapers westport connecticut greenwood press p viii isbn 0 313 30982 5 burns eric 2006 infamous scribblers the founding fathers and the rowdy beginnings of american journalism new york public affairs pp 6 7 isbn 978 1 58648 334 0 wroth lawrence c 1965 the colonial printer new york dover publications inc pp 230 236 isbn 0 486 28294 5 rudolph frederick 1961 the american college and university university of georgia press p 3 isbn 0 8203 1285 1 cite book isbn date incompatibility help ahlstrom 2004 p 125 bremer 2009 p 35 ahlstrom 2004 pp 130 131 bremer 2009 pp 37 38 bremer 2009 p 40 1 2 3 bremer 2009 p 42 ahlstrom 2004 p 131 1 2 3 4 ahlstrom 2004 p 132 1 2 bremer 2009 p 43 1 2 ahlstrom 2004 p 128 1 2 bremer 2009 p 44 bebbington 1993 p 43 spurr 1998 pp 29 30 spurr 1998 p 37 1 2 bremer 2009 p 59 spurr 1998 p 38 reed isaac july 2007 why salem made sense culture gender and the puritan persecution of witchcraft cultural sociology 1 2 221 doi 10 1177 1749975507078188 issn 1749 9755 via sage journals coffey lim 2008 p 4 spurr 1998 pp 31 32 beeke jones 2012 regeneration and baptism amazon kindle location 18043 18056 1 2 spurr 1998 p 32 beeke jones 2012 the true meaning of the lord s supper amazon kindle location 28097 28107 white 1999 p 49 1 2 spurr 1998 p 33 bremer 2009 p 65 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